If you have a good ear, you can use an audio reference to tune your guitar to Drop C. Search online for note references to use, or you can download an app for your mobile phone. Once you have a note reference, simply detune your guitar until the sound the string makes matches the sound of the note reference.

Summary: Find a note reference.


Tear off a piece of tape  and roll it into a loop with the sticky side out. Place the tape in the back of the patch. This will keep the tape in place as you sew the patch on. You will remove it before you finish sewing the patch.  You can use scotch tape or masking tape, but do not use double-sided tape. It will be too difficult to remove. Alternatively, you can lightly mist the back of the patch with spray adhesive. You can place the patch on the front or on the back. If you are using spray adhesive, you may have to wait a few seconds for the glue to get tacky. The benefit of sewing by hand is that you can make a hole in the lining for your hand to fit through. Use a seam ripper to undo the stitching on the lining close to where you placed the patch. Make the hole big enough for your hand to fit through. Skip this step if your vest does not have a lining, or if removing the stitching will ruin it. Choose clear thread or thread in a color that matches the outer border on your patch. Make sure that the thread is 100% nylon or polyester. Do not use cotton thread of any kind; the tannin in the leather will degrade the cotton over time. Once you thread the  needle, knot the thread.  Leather needles have a specific point. Rather than having a conical shape, they have a triangular or pyramidal shape. You can find the needles and the thread in craft shops and fabric stores. Push the needle up through the back of the leather and out through the front of the patch. Try to get the needle just inside the embroidered border of the patch. It does not matter where you start sewing, but it might be easier to start in a corner.  Use a thimble. Leather needles are designed to pierce leather. The delicate skin on your finger is no exception. If you weren't able to undo the lining, start sewing from the back of the patch. This way, the knot won't be visible.  Keep the lining smooth so that it doesn't wrinkle. Place the needle on top of the leather, right next to the outside edge of the patch. Push the needle back through the leather, then pull on it to tighten the stitch. You have just completed your first whipstitch.  You can also make a running stitch instead by bringing the needle back down through the patch, just inside the border. Whether you choose a whipstitch or a running stitch is up to you. A whipstitch may be visible on the border, but a running stitch may be visible inside the border. Continue to whipstitch around the patch until you a third of the way done. Keep your stitches tight, small, and close together. Skip this step if you used spray adhesive. Once you have sewn a third of the patch onto the leather, stop. Slide your finger through the gap under the patch. Hook it around the looped piece of tape, then pull the tape out. Skip this step if you used spray adhesive; there is nothing to remove. Continue to sew around the patch using the same stitch as before (whipstitch or running stitch). Make your last stitch on the inside of the vest (back of the leather). Knot your thread securely, then snip off the excess. If you didn't undo the lining, knot the thread to the first stitch that you made. Cut the thread as close as possible to the knot. Knot the end of the thread, and push the needle through the back of the lining and out the front, as close to the folded edge of the seam. Sew the 2 seams together using a ladder stitch. Knot and snip the thread when you are done. Skip this step if you did not undo the lining.

Summary: Place a piece of rolled up tape on the back of the patch. Place the patch on the vest where you want it to go. Unstitch a gap in the vest's lining, if needed. Thread a leather needle with 100% nylon or polyester thread. Push the needle up through the leather and the patch. Push the needle back through the leather, next to the patch. Whipstitch a third of the way around the patch. Slide your finger under the patch and remove the tape. Finish sewing the patch and knot the thread under the leather. Sew the lining shut using a ladder stitch.


Use yellow and blue colors. See the image for one idea. Use black permanent marker to create a mouth shape. Paint the hands and shoes black. For example, paint on goggles, a headband and any hair. Let it dry for a day. Your minion doll is now ready for action or display.

Summary: Paint the minion clothing as per your choice. Draw on a mouth. Color the remaining parts of the body. Apply a thin layer of varnish to complete the doll.


In some situations, home remedies may not be enough to treat your kidney stone pain. In these situations, you will need to call your doctor right away. If you go to the emergency room, they will run urine tests and send you for an abdominal ultrasound or CT to determine if you have kidney stones. Call your doctor if you experience:  severe pain around your abdomen, sides, groin, or genitals bloody urine a burning sensation when you urinate nausea and/or vomiting fever and chills flank pain that radiates to your groin If home remedies do not provide enough pain relief, then you may want to ask your doctor about proscription pain relievers to help you cope with the pain of passing a kidney stone. Even if you are already on a prescription pain reliever, if you are still in pain, then let your doctor know. You may need a higher dosage or a more powerful medication. If you pass the kidney stone while you are at home, then you should save it and bring it to your doctor for analysis. Having your kidney stone analyzed will enable your doctor to determine what type of kidney stone it was and make recommendations about how to prevent another kidney stone in the future.  There are many types of kidney stones, including calcium stones, uric acid stones, struvite stones, a cystine stones.
Summary: Call your if you have serious or severe symptoms. Ask about prescription pain medications. Save the stone if you pass it.