Q: To teach your dog to ‘whoa,’ he will first need to understand what the command means when he is standing still. There a few different ways you can do this, one of which is to keep him still on a table. If you are crafty, you can build a table using a 12 x 12 foot (about 4 x 4 meter) section of plywood (available at your local home improvement store), with ramps on each side.  Use the ramps to elevate the table to about the height of your waist.  The ramps are also a way for your dog to walk up to the center of table without you having to lift him up. If you do not want to build a table, you could consider placing your dog on a table you already have. With your dog on the elevated surface, stroke him continuously and give him treats. These rewards will teach him that standing still is a good thing.  Depending on the age of your dog, keeping him still might take extra effort. The goal is to have him stand still for up to one minute at a time. ‘Whoa’ boards are similar to the ‘whoa’ table, but smaller. If you want to build them, use two x three foot (0.6 by 0.9 meter) sections of plywood and elevate them about four to six inches (10 to 15 centimeters) off the ground. You can place some books under the boards to keep them elevated.  It is helpful to place the ‘whoa’ boards throughout your home to get your dog used to them. Whenever your dog walks by the board, place him on it and keep him still. The more practice he has standing still, the better! Keep him still and reward him as you did on the ‘whoa’ table. To create a positive association with the board (or table), feed your dog on it for a weeks. This is especially useful if you are teaching ‘whoa’ to a puppy. If you have access to a large barrel (it’s okay if you don’t!), place it on its side. Place your dog on top of it and have him stand still. To help him feel more confident with his footing, attach a piece of carpet to the part of the barrel where you want him to stand.  While he is on the barrel, reward him as you did when he stood on the ‘whoa’ table or boards.  When you place him on the barrel the first time, hold him gently to keep him from jumping off. Standing on a barrel won’t be easy for your dog. It will be okay if he gets a little wobbly and falls off. Just make sure he lands on his feet (or place him on his feet when he takes a tumble).  Your dog may be able to stand still for only a few seconds at first. With more practice, he will be able to stand on it for longer. He will recognize that the barrel will move if he moves—an uncomfortable sensation for him. It shouldn’t take him long to understand that standing still will be more comfortable. Up until this point, the goal has been to have your dog simply stand still on different surfaces. Now it is time to add in the verbal ‘whoa’ command. On whichever elevated surface you have him standing, say ‘whoa’ repeatedly as you stroke him. Saying ‘whoa’ multiple times when your dog is standing still teaches him that the command is associated with staying still.  Say ‘whoa’ in a soothing and reassuring tone. The command itself is calm, so it should be said soothingly.  When your dog stands still when hearing the ‘whoa’ command, give him another command (e.g., ‘ok’, ‘release’) to let him know he can move. Give him a treat when you release him. This is more applicable for hunting or sporting dogs. When your dog is standing still on the elevated surface, pick up his tail and keep it elevated. In addition, cup his lower jaw in one of your hands, with your thumb on one side of jaw and your fingers on the other side. As you progress through the training stages, continue to keep his tail elevated and head still. Over time, this will teach your hunting or sporting the dog the proper position he should hold when he responds to the ‘whoa’ command.
A: Keep your dog still on a table. Have your dog stand on a ‘whoa’ board. Teach your dog to stand still on a barrel. Give your dog the ‘whoa’ command. Perfect your dog’s ‘whoa’ appearance.

Article: Dead skin trapped in the sole of the sandal is often the culprit of stinky sandals. Take the time to really scrub your feet each time you shower or bathe, and use an exfoliating product or pumice stone to remove dead skin cells a few times per week. Sweaty feet, rain, rivers, lakes, and mud can all contribute to wet sandals. After taking your sandals off, let them dry completely before wearing them again. You may want to invest in another pair so you aren’t wearing the same ones each day without giving them a chance to dry and air out. Both baby powder and baking soda absorb moisture and odors to leave your sandals smelling fresh. You can sprinkle some baby powder or baking soda on the footbeds once you take the sandals off to help them dry out. Then, simply dump out the excess before you put them on again. When you’re not wearing your sandals, stuff them with newspaper to absorb moisture and odors. Simply recycle the newspaper when you’re ready to wear the sandals again, and stuff them with a fresh sheet when you take them off.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Scrub your feet in the shower before wearing sandals. Allow your sandals to dry out between uses. Sprinkle baby powder or baking soda on the footbeds. Stuff your sandals with newspaper when not in use.

Q: A step-down transformer is a small electrical device that has wires with differing numbers of coils to lower the voltage from a supply to the output. For a simple converter circuit, look for a transformer that’s rated for at least 13 V so you can drop the input power lower. Place the transformer on a piece of perfboard, which has a grid of holes drilled into it and is used for prototyping circuits. Connect the transformer to the perfboard using nuts and bolts to secure it in place.  You can buy transformers and perfboard from an electronics supply store or online. If you want to raise the voltage, then you can use a step-up transformer instead. Diodes allow electricity to go through them in 1 direction, but they block the current from going the other way. Place the first diode at a 45-degree angle so the positive end points away from you and to the left. Place another diode next to the first one so they form a corner and the negative end points at a 45-degree angle to the right. Form the top of the diamond so the diode on the left has the negative side pointing up and the diode on the right has the positive side pointing up.  The diamond pattern of the diodes is known as a bridge rectifier and allows the circuit to transfer the positive and negative outputs of the AC signal. You can buy diodes from an electronics supply store or online. Make sure the diodes are pointing in the right directions or else the current won’t be able to flow through them. You can use hot glue to secure the diodes to the perfboard if you want, but it’s not required. Choose copper wires with differently colored insulation for the lines that the DC signal runs through. Wrap the end of 1 wire around the left corner of the diamond so it goes around both of the diode leads. Then attach the second wire to the diode leads at the right corner of the rectifier so it’s secure. Guide the wires toward the right side of the perfboard so they’re away from the transformer.The leads connected to the left and right carry the DC signal away from the rectifier. Turn your multimeter so the dial points at the “DCV” or “V–” option. Plug the leads into your multimeter and hold the pins against the positive and negative sides of the capacitor filter. The reading on the display will be the DC voltage converted from the original AC supply.You can also attach a DC-powered lightbulb to the wires on your capacitor filter to see if it lights up. If the light stays on consistently, then the converter worked.
A:
Attach a step-down transformer to the left side of a perfboard. Arrange 4 diodes in a diamond shape to the right of the transformer. Wrap wires around the left and right of the diamond. Use a multimeter to check the DC voltage on the wires.