In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: It is vital to check if the source of water is clean and not contaminated by harmful microorganisms. Contaminated water is one of the ways in which a stomach virus can be transmitted.  There are several ways to decontaminate water, the easiest of which is boiling. Water should be brought to a boiling point for at least 15 minutes before removing it from the heat. This ensures that microorganisms in the water are killed. Alternatively, if you find yourself in a location where you are unsure about water safety, you could stick to drinking bottled water. However, the seal on each bottle must be checked for any signs of tampering to ensure water safety. Substances like chlorine and iodine are dissolved in water to kill microorganisms. These chemical disinfectants work by breaking the chemical bonds in the molecules of bacteria and viruses.  This causes the entire molecule to fall apart or to change shape, which in turn causes a microorganism to die. To disinfect water, the following must be done: Add 2 drops of chlorine in 1 liter (0.3 US gal) of water. Stir the mixture well for at least 2 minutes. Wait for 30 minutes before using it. However, this method does not give 100 percent efficiency, thus filtering or boiling should still be utilized. These type of devices contain a pore size of less than 0.5 microns to filter viruses and bacteria. They work by trapping microorganisms in the filter so that the water passing through it is safe to drink.  Portable filtration devices should be used in combination with either the boiling method or chemical disinfectant. To use portable filtration devices, the following must be done: Fit your water filter onto the faucet. Most water filters are made according to universal measurements so that they can fit almost all faucets. Press firmly to ensure that it is tightly sealed. Open the faucet and let it flow for at least 5 minutes to remove any carbon dust. Portable filtration devices should be changed every month to ensure that the water is properly filtered. Microorganisms accumulate in the filter as time passes by, that’s why it must be changed monthly. You will never know how these foods are prepared and if they are safe enough to eat. They may contain harmful microorganisms such as those which cause stomach virus, especially if they are prepared using dirty hands and contaminated food ingredients. Spoiled foods must be properly disposed and trash cans should be kept sealed at all times to avoid attracting pests like rodents and cockroaches. Garbage also can be a place for microorganism to thrive in. Always be updated with the latest news. A good understanding of current events can aid you make wise decisions regarding travelling or doing recreational activities in different places or countries. For example, if there is an outbreak of stomach virus or gastroenteritis in a certain place and you plan on going there, then it would be best to cancel your plan for your own safety.
Summary: Avoid drinking contaminated water. Use chemical disinfectants. Decontaminate water with a portable filtration device. Avoid eating street foods. Ensure proper waste management. Increase your self-awareness.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Use the leg that’s furthest from your opponent if you want the most power or the leg closest if you want the most speed. Try to hit their groin with the top of your foot or your shin so it hurts them the most. Most times, your opponent will drop to the ground or hunch over if they aren’t expecting the blow.  It may take multiple hits to the groin to incapacitate your opponent. This works most effectively on male attackers, but it can still cause a lot of pain for females as well. If you’re within arm’s reach of your opponent, reach around the side or back of their head. Grab their ear or a fistful of their hair and pull in the direction you want your opponent to move. If your opponent tries to fight back, yank on their ear or hair harder so to make them feel more pain.  You can try pulling ears or hair with both of your hands, but this could leave you vulnerable to an attack. Try to make your opponent hunch over so you can knee them in the face or drive your elbow into their back. If you aren’t able to move your arms or legs to fight back, open your mouth and bite down on the part of the body that’s closest to you. Try to find an area that has open skin or thin clothing so it hurts your opponent the most. Clench your jaw tightly and don’t let go until your opponent lets you go. If you break skin and get your opponent’s blood in your mouth, visit a doctor as soon as possible to make sure you don’t get any infections or diseases. If your opponent reaches for you, do your best to wrap your hands around their palm or wrist. Squeeze as hard as you can and bend the joint backward so it hurts your opponent. Most times, your opponent will move in the direction you’re bending the joint so it doesn’t break any bones. Try to force your opponent away from you and toward the ground with your grab.  You can also try locking their elbows or knees to control them more. If you’re in a life-or-death situation, bend the joint back as far as you can to break it. That way, you can have an opportunity to escape while your opponent is in pain. Straighten your fingers and lock your wrist so you get the most power from your jab. Try to aim for the center of their throat or directly underneath their chin, and force your arm straight forward. If you land your jab, your opponent will have difficulty breathing momentarily so you can land another blow or get away.  This works best if you’re standing an arm’s length away from your opponent. Be careful not to let your fingers or wrist go limp, or else your jab won’t be as effective. If you’re in a life-or-death situation, try using a closed fist to punch your opponent’s throat to collapse their windpipe. A blow to the back of the neck may cause your opponent to black out momentarily so you’re able to get away from them. When you get the opportunity, bend your elbow so it forms a sharp point and bring it down forcefully where their head and neck meet. If they don’t go down after the first hit, try hitting them repeatedly to force them to the ground.  Try kicking your opponent in the groin first to force them down and make it easier to hit the back of their neck. If you can’t behind your opponent, then you can also try driving your elbow into their throat to make it difficult for them to breathe. If you’re within close range of your opponent, grab the sides of their head to control where they’re moving. Tilt your neck back and quickly slam your head into your opponent’s nose or the space between their eyes. Try to hit them with the top of your forehead since it’s the strongest part of your skull and it will hurt you the least.  If you hit your opponent hard enough, you may knock them unconscious. Avoid hitting the top of their head since you’ll hurt yourself more. Put your palms on the sides of your opponent’s face so your thumbs cover their eyes. Force your thumbs into their eye sockets to temporarily blind them and cause a lot of pain. Most times, your opponent will stop attacking so they can try to stop you. Push your opponent away from you so you can make a quick getaway while they recover. If you apply too much force to your opponent’s eyes, you may puncture their eyeballs and permanently blind them. Look around you to see if there’s anything around you that you can use to defend yourself. For example, you could use a knife, pen, glass bottle, or keys to hit or stab your opponent. Swing your weapon near your attacker to keep them at a safe distance. If you need to hit them, aim for vulnerable areas, like their face, stomach, or hands to incapacitate them faster.  If someone threatens you with a weapon, try to stay back at least 2 arm lengths away so you aren’t in danger. Using a weapon can seriously injure or kill someone, so only use one as a last resort.
Summary:
Kick your opponent in the groin to cause them a lot of pain. Pull on your opponent’s ears or hair to control their movements. Bite your opponent if they’re holding onto you. Grab and bend your opponent’s wrist or fingers to restrict them from moving. Jab your opponent’s throat with your fingers to stun them momentarily. Strike the back of your opponent’s neck with your elbow if they’re hunched over. Headbutt your opponent to disorient them. Push your thumbs into your opponent’s eyes if you’re in close range. Use a weapon if you have one available.