INPUT ARTICLE: Article: At your eye doctor’s office, stand where your doctor tells you and look at a chart of numbers and letters on the wall. Cover one eye and read the lines of text to the smallest line you can clearly read, then repeat this with your other eye covered. This tests for myopia (near-sightedness) and hyperopia (far-sightedness), as well as astigmatism.  Astigmatism accompanies myopia or hyperopia 50% of the time. Blurry vision could be caused by astigmatism or one of these other common conditions. The results will be listed as a fraction, such as 20/20. 20/20 is normal visual acuity. The first number is the distance between you and the chart. The second number is the size of the letters on the last line you can read compared to normal visual acuity. For instance, someone with 20/40 vision has to be 20 feet from something that can be read at 40 feet (12.2 m) by someone with normal vision. A keratometer is the instrument your eye doctor can use to measure the curve of your anterior cornea (the front surface of the cornea). Sit with your chin on the chin rest and look straight ahead into the instrument with one eye then the other, when prompted by your doctor. The keratometer shines a circle of light onto your cornea and measures how it reflects over your cornea’s surface.  This is an especially important test for getting contact lenses that fit correctly. Though this method has its limitations, it’s still the standard way of measuring astigmatism. Sit up straight and look forward while your doctor places a retinoscope in front of your eyes. The retinoscope is a small, handheld instrument that measures light refraction on the eye. Your doctor will move a large machine with lenses (a phoropter) in front of your eyes that either clarify or obscure your vision, which measures how your eyes focus light. You will have to tell your doctor whether each lens makes your vision better or worse.  The refraction test helps to establish the location of the irregular shape of the cornea. This will be called the "axis" in a corrective lens prescription. Be honest with your doctor during these tests – even though technology is improving, your feedback still helps determine the outcomes of your eye exam. After your eye exam, your doctor will give you a prescription for glasses or contact lenses to help fix your astigmatism.  The prescription will usually have three numbers – the first one relates to if you’re near-sighted or far-sighted, and the last two relate to your astigmatism.  The second number is for “cylinder,” which is a measure of how flat or irregular your cornea is. This is measured in diopters. Most people with astigmatism have between 0.5-0.75 diopters; you probably need prescription lenses for a diopter measurement of 1.5 or higher. The third number is for “axis” and goes from 0 to 180, which is a degree measurement of where on your cornea the astigmatism is located.

SUMMARY: Perform the Visual Acuity Test. Measure the curve of your cornea with a keratometer. Use refraction to measure astigmatism. Understand your astigmatism prescription.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Wrap it around so that the velcro fold falls under one of your arms. Neoprene waist trimmers work as compression wear to improve blood circulation for people who are exercising. They are also worn to give a better and trimmer-looking waist for people who aren't. If your waist trimmer is too long for your chest, cut the end without the velcro with scissors to fit your bust. You don't want to double wrap your chest which could create the opposite effect you want. If the trimmer is poking at your sides or under your arm, cut the corners of the trimmer into a smooth curve with scissors. The neoprene trimmer can cause chafing and extra moisture to build up on and around your bust. Sprinkle from baby powder before wearing your trimmer to help absorb the excess moisture. Put on lotion after you take off your trimmer regularly to protect your skin from chaffing and drying out. Don't put on lotion and baby powder at the same time or while you're wearing your trimmer. You could damage your trimmer and the combination of lotion and powder could make a paste. It is extremely important when binding your chest to do it safely and protect your body from permanent health issues and damage. An extremely tight trimmer can result in restricted breathing, broken ribs, damage to chest tissue over time, and cause fluid build-up in your chest.  Do not wear a trimmer for more than 8 hours. If you wear your trimmer for long periods of time, you risk bruising and restricting oxygen to your body. Never sleep with your trimmer on. Do not put bandages or duct tape over your trimmer. In fact, never use duct tape or bandages to flatten your chest. These tactics restrict movement and oxygen to enter to your body.
Summary: Put the waist trimmer on your chest. Cut the trimmer to fit your chest. Apply lotion and baby powder to reduce irritation. Practice safety while wearing a waist trimmer as a binder.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: This step may look different depending on the type of gum you've selected. If you have chosen a stick of gum, you might fold the piece in half as you pop it into your mouth. With smaller tabs, you might even place two in your mouth at once. If you've chosen a giant gumball, you may opt to bite off half. You may need to chew a bit more vigorously to loosen up a new piece of gum. Use your big teeth in the back of your mouth, called your molars, to chew. Molars are the teeth associated with chewing because of their flatter surfaces. This will ensure that one side of your mouth doesn't get tired from the repetitive chewing motion. Occasionally, draw the gum to the front of your mouth and exercise your biting teeth. This will give your molars a short break. If you are not in a formal setting, you can try blowing  bubbles. Enjoy the flavor that you've chosen. As you chew, the flavoring agents in the gum will gradually dissolve and be swallowed, so eventually the gum loses its flavor completely. Urban legend suggests that swallowed gum remains in your stomach for years, but this isn't factual. Gum is passed through your digestive tract into your stool. However, frequently swallowing your gum can lead to constipation and other minor stomach issues, so it isn't recommended.  The easiest thing is to just spit it out once you are finished. Because the gum is still sticky, it can make a big mess if you don't discard it properly. It's a good idea to save your gum wrapper so that you can wrap your gum in it when you've finished. If you didn't save the wrapper, just wrap it in a tissue or a scrap of paper.

SUMMARY:
Place the gum in your mouth. Begin chewing your gum. Move the gum from side to side. Have fun with your gum. Spit your gum out once it has lost its flavor. Wrap your gum in paper.