Not all dogs will benefit from paper training. It can actually have a negative impact on your dog's health, as regular walking and exercise are important for a dog's well being. In certain circumstances, however, paper training is appropriate and even preferable. If you do decide on paper training, make sure to play with your dog a lot indoors. Smaller dogs are easier to exercise without going outside.  If you are unable to let your dog outside due to medical reasons, paper training is a good option. If you have a full-time job that prevents you from letting your dog out during the day, paper training is a good idea. You don't want to confine your dog to a crate during the daytime. If you live in an area with bad winters, you may want to paper train your dog at least during the colder months. It's normal for dogs to stumble over a few steps when paper training. If your dog seems to be struggling at a certain point, back up a few steps. If your dog starts having accidents after you reduce the size of a confinement area, restore the area to its original size. Wait a few days before reducing the size again. All dogs will progress at different rates. Your dog may pick up paper training in a few weeks. Other dogs may take a few months to learn. You wouldn't want to use a toilet that's not flushed, so don't make your dog use dirty paper. Once it's been soiled, replace it right away. Otherwise, you dog may pee in other areas in the home. You should clean the newspaper about once a week. It's important your dog understands when it's behaving properly. Make sure to reward your dog for eliminating on the paper towels.  You can praise the dog using your voice. Say something like, "Good boy!" You can also offer a small treat. Just make sure not to give your dog too many treats per day. Try breaking up bigger treats into small, bite-sized portions. Always reward in the immediate moment. This is the only way to get your dog to understand why it's being rewarded. However, make sure you wait until the dog's done eliminating. It may get distracted otherwise and stop eliminating on the paper.
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One-sentence summary -- Learn when paper training is appropriate. Back up a few steps if your dog is struggling. Keep the confinement area clean. Make sure to use positive reinforcement.


You can access the Start screen by pressing the ⊞ Win key or by clicking the Windows icon in the lower-left corner of the Desktop view (Windows 8.1 only). This will open the Windows store. The search bar is in the upper-right corner of the Store window. Make sure that you choose the Skype app, and not one of the related search results.  If you set up Windows to use local accounts instead of a Microsoft account, you will be prompted to switch to using a Microsoft account. If you'd prefer to continue using your local account, select "Sign into each app separately". This is the account that you use to sign in to Skype. If you signed up for Skype before it changed to Microsoft accounts, you can use your Skype login information. You should see the SKype tile appear in your list of applications. You will be asked if Skype can access your webcam (if one is installed). You will be taken to the main Skype screen after logging in. Click or tap a contact in the list on the right to begin a conversation. You can see all of your contacts by clicking the "people" menu. If you have a webcam installed, you can start a voice or video chat with your contacts. Open a contact's conversation page and click either the phone (voice) or camera (video) to start a chat. This button looks like magnifying glass. You can search for other Skype users by their usernames or email addresses. Click your profile image in the upper-right corner to change your online status and set your mood.
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One-sentence summary -- Open the Start screen. Click or tap the "Store" button. Search for "Skype". Select the "Skype" option. Click or tap the "Install" button. Switch to a Microsoft account if you aren't using one. Enter your Microsoft account information. Return to your Start screen. Click or tap the Skype tile to start Skype. Sign in with your Skype/Microsoft account. Start a conversation with a contact. Start a voice or video call. Click or tap the "Search" button on the main screen to add more contacts. Change your status.


Know whether the bond sold at par, at a premium, or at a discount. Determine the time elapsed since the bond's issuance. To calculate the carrying value of a bond, you will need to know how much of the premium or discount has been amortized, which will depend on the time elapsed since the issue date. Most premiums or discounts will be amortized on a straight-line basis, meaning the same amount is amortized each reporting period.  For example, suppose a 10-year bond was issued two years ago. Two years of amortization have been recorded, and eight years of amortization remain. You need to know the remaining amount of unamortized discount or premium to calculate the carrying value. For example, suppose a company issued a 10 year bond with an $80 premium two years ago. Each year, $8 of amortization is recorded ($80 / 10 years = $8 per year). If two years have passed, then $16 of amortization has been recorded ($8 x 2 years = $16) and $64 is unamortized ($8 x 8 years = $64). Suppose a company sold $1,000 10%, 10 year bonds for $1,080 and 2 years have passed since the issue date.  Calculate the premium by subtracting the face value from the sale price with the equation $1,000 - $1,080 = $80.  The $80 premium will be amortized over the term of the bond at $8 per period.  Since two years have passed, two amortization entries have been recorded.  Eight amortization entries remain.  Calculate the remaining amortization with the equation $8 x 8 = $64.  The carrying value equals the face value of the bond plus the remaining premium to be amortized.  Use the equation $1,000 + $64 = $1,064. Subtract the unamortized discount from the face value.  For example, suppose a company sold a $1,000, 10%, 10 year bond for $920, or an $80 discount and two years have passed since the bond issuance.  The annual amortization of the discount is $8.  Two amortization entries have been recorded.  Eight remain, for a value of $8 x 8 = $64.  The carrying value of the bond is $1,000 - $64 = $936.
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One-sentence summary --
Determine the terms of the bond in question. Calculate the amortized portion of the discount or premium. Calculate the carrying value of a bond sold at premium. Calculate the carrying value of a bond sold at a discount using the same method.