Melvil Dewey originally created ten general categories that most books could be sorted into. The ten areas are listed below with their corresponding numbers.  000 - Generalities, Computer Science, and Information 100 - Philosophy and Psychology 200 - Religion 300 - Social Sciences (anthropology, archeology, sociology) 400 - Language 500 - Natural Sciences (biology, astronomy, etc.) and Mathematics 600 - Technology (applied sciences) 700 - The Arts 800 - Literature and Rhetoric 900 - Geography and History Each of the ten areas contain 99 divisions - more specific categories that fall under the larger areas. Additional decimals indicate the even even smaller sections, which are even more specific. Decimals are added if the topic is even more specific. An example of this specification process is below:  500 Natural Sciences and Mathematics   590 Zoology     595 Arthropods       595.7 Insects         595.78 Lepidoptera           595.789 Butterflies The Dewey Decimal System is great when you're browsing. If you wanted a book on Ethics, for example, you would go to 170. Once you were there you could scan the shelves for a book on an area of Ethics that interested you. This is infinitely more convenient than alphabetical arrangement, in which you might find a book on turtles next to one about turbulence in politics. If your library is large and you would rather not spend a whole day browsing books on the Arts, you could go online for a guide to the various general categories, divisions, and sections. Websites with Dewey Decimal System guides include OCLC, The University of Illinois, IPL.
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One-sentence summary -- Know the ten general areas of content. Understand divisions and sections. Browse using the system. Look online to learn the categories.


Schwa sounds like a short “u,” as in “cup,” or the “a” in “about.” It’s the most common sound in the English language, and using it makes pronunciation sound more natural. Since native speakers commonly use it in place of precise pronunciation, it can also pose a challenge for ESL students.  Examples of schwa include the second “o” in “doctor,” the “a” in “wizard,” and the “e” in “summer.”  Schwa is frequently used to reduce words and syllables. Note examples such as “wanna” instead of “want to,” “gonna” for “going to,” and “gotta” for “have a” or “have got to.” Write words on magnetic blocks or other objects that can be joined together. Stick the blocks together to show how vowels and consonants blend into each other when words are used in a sentence. Writing phrases phonetically will also help students understand liaison, or how words blend together. For example, when the same consonant ends 1 word and begins another, it’s usually only pronounced once: “Sam made that,” or “Sammade that.” A consonant at the end of a word usually blends with the vowel that begins the next word: “Sam made that at school,” or “Sammade thatat school.” Play a variety of movie clips, radio and television programs, podcasts, and other media. Choose examples that frequently use contractions. After playing a short sample, have students identify which contractions they heard. Students might easily recognize “what’ll” or “they’re” in writing. However, it’s more difficult to understand contractions during an actual conversation. In addition to contractions, slang and idioms can pose significant challenges to ESL learners. Use a range of media examples to provide students with an assortment of individual and regional language quirks.To assess their understanding, try playing 1 part of a recorded conversation, then have students respond using their own words. Pronunciation is usually taught with clear examples and written texts. However, students must learn how to recognize the spontaneous speech habits of native English speakers in order to master conversational skills.
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One-sentence summary -- Describe the schwa sound and its role in natural English pronunciation. Explain how words blend with magnetic blocks and phonetic writing. Use listening exercises to help students recognize contractions. Play recordings to expose students to slang and idioms.


Having an agent isn't strictly necessary to land roles, but an agent’s sole job is to help you find work, and this can facilitate you finding your first few gigs. Check online to see if there are agents in your area taking on new clients. Just be careful about the agency you join. Agents make money when they find gigs for clients, so don’t accept help from someone who wants a membership fee. Extras are the background actors in movies, so they don’t usually have speaking parts. However, it’s sometimes a paying gig and it can get you exposure, and there are famous actors out there who were discovered while working as extras. To find work as an extra, check publications, casting calls, newspapers, and the internet to see if there are any nearby movies being filmed that require help. If you live in a smaller town rather than a major movie production hub, there's always a chance that your city will be chosen as the filming location for a big movie. Otherwise, look for art houses, colleges, and other production studios nearby that might require actors from time to time, and audition any time there's an opportunity.  To find out about possible roles, check local and community papers, bulletins, theaters, and colleges.  If a large production does happen to be filming in your city, contact the casting company to ask about auditions for parts or extras. Auditions are tough and nerve-racking, but unless you're a big-name actor, it’s usually the only way you'll get a part. Like everything, auditions take practice, and the more you do, the easier it will be to make a good impression when you're auditioning for bigger roles.  Audition for any role you can, no matter how small the part or how low-budget the film. It doesn’t matter if you don’t want the part—audition practice is invaluable, and the role could end up being a good opportunity. When you go for the audition be prepared by knowing your lines, scenes, the basic storyline, and the character you're playing. When you're first getting started in the acting industry and haven't yet made any sort of name for yourself, you need all the exposure you can get. This means taking on any acting job you can get, no matter how silly, low-budget, or unsuccessful the movie is. The more auditions you do the more roles you'll get, and the more parts you have, the more likely it is that you'll get noticed and be given more opportunities as an actor.
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One-sentence summary -- Get yourself an agent. Get work as an extra. Look for films shooting in your area. Audition for everything you can. Accept any role you're offered.


Pour the chopped peppers into a medium-sized sauce pan on the stove. Add 2 cups (500 ml) of distilled white vinegar and 2 tablespoons (29.6 ml) of salt. Turn the burner to medium-high. Bring the pepper mixture to a boil and stir regularly to ensure that the peppers do not stick to the bottom of the pan. Once the sauce is boiling, turn down the heat to low. Let it simmer for approximately 5 minutes. To ensure that you don’t heat the peppers for too long, set a timer. Remove them from the heat immediately. Stir occasionally, but try not to stand right over the sauce pan and breathe deeply. The steam rising from the hot sauce can irritate your lungs and nasal passages. Turn off the stove and remove the sauce pan from the heat. Cover the mixture loosely and allow it to cool completely before pureeing the sauce. Don't move forward with pureeing until the sauce cools. When hot, its consistency is thinner and the final result may end up too thin.
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One-sentence summary --
Put the peppers, vinegar, and salt in a sauce pan. Heat the mixture until it begins to boil. Let the sauce simmer for 5 minutes. Cool the mixture completely.