In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Measure from the bed beneath the water to the highest level the water reaches in your area. Depending on how soft the earth is below the water, add another 1–2 ft (0.30–0.61 m) to that length—closer to 2 ft (0.61 m) for soft, silty beds.  Multiply this length by the number of beams you will need to get the total length of PVC. When you’re choosing the beams that go inside of the concrete, add another few inches to account for the height of the pier or dock above the water. For standard 8 ft (2.4 m) decks, a PVC pipe with a diameter of 12 in (30 cm) and a post with a diameter of 4 in (10 cm) should be sufficient. If you’re building a deck that is larger than 8 ft (2.4 m), start with a PVC pipe of 18 in (46 cm) and a post that’s about 6 in (15 cm). If you can’t push the pipe into the ground by hand, lay a spare piece of wood on top of the PVC and hit it squarely with a sledgehammer until you reach the desired depth. It may help to spray paint the pipe in 1 ft (0.30 m) increments so you can tell how deep it is. Bail out the water that’s inside of the PVC pipe with a bucket, then use a post-hole digger to remove sand, silt, or mud from the bottom of the pipe. The pipe should be clear down to the bottom.  While you can use a pump to clear out the pipe, doing it by hand is safer, since you don’t have to have electrical equipment near the water. If the ground is very hard, you may need to rent a mini-excavator. Quick-set concrete, or Quikrete, can be mixed by hand. Pour the concrete mix into a bucket and dig a small hole in the mix, then add in water according to the package directions.  The amount of concrete you’ll need depends on the size of your project. For a PVC pipe with a diameter of 12 in (30 cm) and a post of 4 in (10 cm), estimate about 2 bags of Quikrete per 1 ft (0.30 m) of height. If your pipe is 18 in (46 cm) in diameter and your post is 6 inches (15 cm), you’ll need about 5 bags per 1 ft (0.30 m). It may be a good idea to rent a concrete mixer for this project. Lower the post into the PVC pipe and push it down into the concrete. By pouring concrete into the pipe first, the post will be more stable when you put it into place. The PVC pipe will keep the water out of the concrete as it cures. Keep working until you fill the PVC pipe all the way to the maximum water line. Work slowly to ensure you don’t end up with any air pockets in the concrete.  This part of the process will take awhile, so it’s probably a good idea to get some friends to help you fill and carry buckets of concrete. You may have some excess pipe at the top. You can cut this off with a reciprocating saw after the concrete dries, if you like. No matter how excited you are about having a pier to lounge on, it’s important to let the concrete completely cure before you continue building your structure. After you poured all of that concrete, though, you’ll probably be glad to have a couple of days to rest before you start building the framework.
Summary: Measure the approximate length of the PVC you’ll need. Purchase heavy-duty PVC with a diameter of 12–18 in (30–46 cm). Drive the PVC pipe 1–2 ft (0.30–0.61 m) into the ground. Remove the water and mud from the pipe with a bucket and post-hole digger. Mix quick-set concrete in buckets according to the package directions. Pour 10 in (25 cm) of concrete into the pipe, then insert the post. Continue to pour concrete around the post. Repeat for each post, then let the concrete cure for 3-4 days.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: You may want to practice using them before it's time to style your hair. Looking into a mirror, try winding your hair around a curler and securing it with a hair pin. Some types of rollers slip out of short hair, so you'll want to experiment with securing them. When you have short hair, you'll need more rollers, especially for tight curls. This is because only small sections of hair will fit on each roller. Apply a styling product such as mousse, styling spray or curling cream. Particularly if you're not using heat, hair must begin wet in order to set it with rollers. If you're using hot rollers, you may still want to wet your hair and apply mousse or another styling product before drying it. Begin at the front of your hair and work backward, rolling small sections at a time. Roll sections measuring about 1 inch each, just enough hair to wind around the middle of the curler.  Some hair may be too short to roll. In that case, you can still add a curl to the tip of your hair by wrapping just the end around part of the roller. If you have wavy or curly hair, you can twist your hair instead of using rollers. Use your fingers to twist small sections. Once those twists dry, they can be unwound, resulting in gorgeous spiral curls. You can either blow dry your rolled hair or allow it to air dry. Make sure the hair is completely dry before you remove the rollers.  It's best to sit under a heated dryer if you can, as it will evenly disperse the air. If you are curling your hair with hot rollers, make sure the rollers are completely cold before removing them. Remove rollers in whatever order you like, although most find it easiest to remove rollers beginning from the back of the head and moving forward. Hair is ready to style however you like, whether it's left a curly pixie, pinned back or brushed forward.
Summary: Gather small-sized sponge, plastic or hot rollers. Wash or wet your hair before rolling it. Roll sections of hair. Allow the rollers to dry. Remove the rollers and style your hair.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: The key to understanding this formula is to recognize the underlying pattern. The sum of any set of consecutive odd numbers starting with 1 is always equal to the square of the number of digits that were added together.  Sum of first odd number = 1 Sum of first two odd numbers = 1 + 3 = 4 (= 2 x 2). Sum of first three odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 = 9 (= 3 x 3). Sum of first four odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 (= 4 x 4). By solving this problem, you learned more than the sum of the numbers. You also learned how many consecutive digits were added together: 41! This is because the number of digits added together is always equal to the square root of the sum.  Sum of first odd number = 1. The square root of 1 is 1, and only one digit was added. Sum of first two odd numbers = 1 + 3 = 4. The square root of 4 is 2, and two digits were added. Sum of first three odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 = 9. The square root of 9 is 3, and three digits were added. Sum of first four odd numbers = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16. The square root of 16 is 4, and four digits were added. Once you understand the formula and how it works, you can write it down in a format that will be applicable no matter what numbers you are dealing with. The formula to find the sum of the first n odd numbers is n x n or n squared.  For example, if you plugged 41 in for n, you would have 41 x 41, or 1681, which is equal to the sum of the first 41 odd numbers. If you don't know how many numbers you are dealing with, the formula to determine the sum between 1 and n is (1/2(n + 1))2
Summary:
Observe the pattern. Understand the interim data. Generalize the formula.