Write an article based on this "Compare prices. Make sure your offset will be retired. Complete your transaction. Purchase additional carbon offsets when traveling by air. Advertise your business’s carbon neutrality."
article: The cost for carbon offsets varies greatly depending on the expense of the project as well as the general laws of supply and demand. You can expect to pay anywhere from $10 to $50 per metric ton of carbon dioxide emissions. Keep in mind that just because one offset is more expensive than another, that doesn't necessarily mean it's better quality. Do your research on the projects independently of price, then choose a high-quality offset that best fits your budget. You can't claim the benefit of your carbon offset until it is retired. Once the offset is retired, it cannot be resold to anyone else. Retirement indicates that the specific amount of carbon dioxide you purchased has in fact been reduced or eliminated. For smaller-scale transactions, you typically don't have to worry about retirement – retailers automatically retire the carbon offsets when they're purchased. However, in the case of a larger purchase of carbon offsets, it may take some time before retirement can take place. Once you've decided which carbon offset project you want to support, you typically can purchase your offset online using your credit card. Determine how many offsets you want to purchase and make sure the provider has that many available. Make sure you get a receipt for your purchase. In some countries, carbon offsets may be tax deductible. Airplanes contribute considerable global carbon emissions. Many airlines as well as travel agencies provide the opportunity for you to purchase an offset when you book a flight.  These offsets are calculated for you personally based on the environmental impact of the flight you're taking. If you purchase an offset through the airline, typically the cost for the offset is simply added to the price for your ticket. Particularly if you're buying carbon offsets for a small business, your customers will want to know that your business is socially and environmentally responsible. Avoid advertising carbon neutrality until your carbon offsets have been retired. You also might consider having your carbon neutrality certified by a third-party organization.

Write an article based on this "Substitute letters for other letters. Substitute your own symbols for letters. Substitute letters from another language. Substitute equations for numbers. Be aware that substitution ciphers can be broken."
article: In a simple substitution cipher, you can assigning letter values to other letters. For example, A may equal C and and F might equal J. Make sure you don’t choose easy combinations like A = B or A = Z. They’ll be easily broken.  Make decoder rings. Those decoder rings you got in a box of cereal years ago may come in handy, but you can make your own too if you want. Write your letters, A through Z, in a large circle. Then, write the substituted letters inside the large circle to form their own smaller circle. Now you’ll have a key for your cipher. Randomize the cipher. Once you’ve got your keys and your friends have theirs too, you can cut out both rings from the paper. Turn the smaller ring inside the larger outer ring to create new substitutions. When you pass your note, write what A equals, and the reader will know where to set their rings. To make a slightly more complicated substitution cipher, you can make your own simple symbols to stand in for letters. The more each symbol looks different than the letter it represents, the harder the code will be to crack. Make sure each symbol is also simple and easy to draw quickly.  Create a key for your new language. Make a master key that shows which letter matches up with each symbol. As you practice writing in your new script, you’ll become more familiar with the symbols, but you’ll need a key at first to remember which is which. Share the key with friends. Your language won’t be of much use if only you can read the notes you pass! Share the key with your friends, advising them to keep it safe so that no one else finds and learns the symbols. Write your messages in the new language. Practice the symbols until you can read and write them as quickly as your native language. It’ll take a while, but you’ll get to know the symbols well over time. For example, swap A with (α) Alpha, B with (β) Beta, C with (Χ) Chi, etc. from the Greek alphabet..  Use similar characters for missing letters. Some foreign alphabets may not contain all the letters in your language. Greek doesn't have Y, but there's a visually similar Upsilon (Y in capitals), so you might use that instead. Make sure your reader knows that you’re going to be substituting some letters for others not in the language. Test some examples.  For example: "See you tonight" becomes "ΣΕΕ ΤΗΟΥ ΤΟΝΙΓΗΤ,” with “you” subbed out for “thou” because Greek doesn’t have a character for “Y”. Numbers tend to stick out in messages with a lot of text, so try to find a better way to to hide them in your cipher. For example, replace the "8" in "See you tonight, 8 o'clock" with "√(128/2)". The 8 is replaced by a simple math: the square root of (128/2=64)=8. It’s relatively easy to crack a substitution code, because you’re still using your native language and only swapping out the letters for other letters or symbols. Words like “and”, “you” and “the”, which will show up frequently in your messages, and can be found out and used to piece together parts of a key. Common letters like E, T and A also help code-breakers to decipher your message.

Write an article based on this "Warm up by stretching. Build upper body muscles with push ups, pull ups, and chest presses. Strengthen your core with planks. Build leg muscles with lunges and squats. Build your endurance by biking, running, or swimming. Stretch five more minutes at the end of your workout. Eat a post-workout snack."
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Shoulder strain is a common whitewater rafting injury, and proper stretching will keep you loose. Spend five minutes before every pre-rafting workout stretching your muscles. To keep your shoulders loose, stretch your arms up and then across your body, holding each stretch for 60 seconds. You will need a lot of upper body strength to navigate your way through Class III to V rapids. With push ups, your form is crucial. When down on the ground, set your hands at a distance slightly wider than shoulder-width apart and imagine your body as a straight line. If push-ups are too difficult, do four sets of wall push ups with two-minute rests between sets. Keep this up every other day, with the same form. Once you can do 4 sets of 20 repetitions of wall push ups, you can progress to the inclined floor position. Planks and side planks are common core exercises that help develop muscles that stabilize your body when leaning into your paddle. Plant your hands directly under your shoulders like you’re about to do a push-up. Alternatively, place your weight on your elbows and forearms. Ground the toes into the floor, and hold for 20 seconds.  As an additional core strengthening exercise, lay on your back and touch each elbow with the opposite knee then straighten each leg. These exercises will strengthen your most powerful paddling base---your legs. When lunging, keep your upper body straight, your shoulders back and relaxed, and your chin up. Step forward with one leg, bringing your hips toward the ground until both knees bend at a 90-degree angle. Hold dumbbells while doing lunges for maximum resistance.  For squats, stand with your head facing forward and your feet shoulder-width apart. Sit back and down like you're sitting into an imaginary chair, with your thighs parallel to the floor. Hold for 15 seconds and repeat, doing three sets of ten. You will not be huffing and puffing in the middle of your river trip if you have several weeks of cardio training under your belt. Take an extended bike, run, or swim to build your cardiovascular health. Include sprints, hills, and obstacles. Break it up with some high intensity interval training. Do intense work with intermittent rests using either jump rope, burpees, stationary cycle, elliptical machine, or even boxing to build up your cardiovascular health. This will help you cool down and stay limber. Be sure to stretch your back, arms, hamstrings, and glutes. Make sure to hold each stretch 30 seconds, and breathe deeply. Consuming protein and carbs within 45 min after your workout will help rebuild your body. Choose a ratio of 3 carbs to 1 protein. A protein shake with banana, hummus and pita, or tuna on whole wheat are good examples.