INPUT ARTICLE: Article: One of the most important aspects of writing a philosophy paper is anticipating objections to your statements. These are called 'counter-objections' (or simply 'counters').  Imagine that you are having a rational argument with an educated person who disagrees with you. What might that person say to each of the points that you make? A counter to your thesis that “Mercy has more value than justice” might be that a serial killer who preyed on children does not deserve mercy. If you only acknowledge a counter but you do not respond to it, your main point will be weakened. Make sure to clearly and thoroughly explain why you believe the counter is invalid. One response to the counter about the serial killer could be that by serving the serial killer with a just sentence, you are showing mercy to the family and friends of his victims. Failing to address objections to your arguments will make your paper seem weak, and this will be reflected in your grade. Address the major relevant criticisms thoroughly. Once you have addressed and defended against relevant counters, make your own positive argument supporting your thesis. If this raises more counter-objections, address those as well.  After addressing the counter about the serial killer, follow up with a strong argument in defense of a merciful approach. Use specific examples, such as a case of a reformed criminal who changed his ways, was pardoned from prison, and went on to do great things. Another example could be the Biblical story of Moses and the Egyptians - God showed mercy to Moses and the Hebrews by freeing them from slavery. This resulted in punishment for the Egyptians who were holding the Hebrews captive.

SUMMARY: Anticipate objections to your arguments. Respond to each counter-objection. Do not ignore any obvious criticisms against your thesis. Follow counter-objections with a positive argument.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Drugstores and beauty stores carry skin-lightening creams with a variety of different ingredient bases that are designed to remove freckles and other dark spots. Skin lightening creams may be effective for both natural and sun-related freckles. For best results, apply it every day.  Look for a cream with licorice extract, which has been shown to have skin-lightening properties. Aloe is another popular ingredient in lightening creams. It can help lighten and moisturize the skin without causing damage. Many creams contain chemicals like hydroquinone and oxybenzone. These ingredients may help lighten skin, but they can also be damaging. Read up on the side effects and test the product in a less sensitive area before you decide to use a cream containing these ingredients. This technique uses a stream of tiny particles to remove the outer layer of skin, lightening natural freckles or those caused by moderate sun damage. Microdermabrasion is usually performed over the course of several sessions. Peeling away the top layer of skin is an effective way to reduce the appearance of freckles, and may even lead to the elimination of lighter freckles. Chemical peels are usually used on the face, but they can also be used on the arms and hands.  Chemical peels come in three different strengths: superficial peels, which use alpha or beta hydroxy acids to remove the top layer of skin; medium peels, which use  trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to penetrate deeper into the skin and remove more layers; and deep peels, which use high concentrations of trichloroacetic acid or phenol to remove even more layers of skin. After getting a chemical peel, your skin will take 2 - 3 days to heal from the procedure. It is not recommended to get chemical peels too often, since they are hard on the body. One study showed that TCA (70%) and phenol (80%) are effective at removing most or all freckles. However, you need to see a dermatologist for this treatment. Lasers can be used to burn the blood vessels just underneath the freckles, reducing their appearance or removing them entirely. The procedure is not known to have any long-term damaging effects, but it may cause temporary bruising, redness and swelling.  Laser treatments are typically administered in 3 or so 10 to 15 minute sessions. The skin is pre-treated with a cool spray to make sure the heat of the laser doesn't cause the patient pain.
Summary: Use a lightening cream. Try microdermabrasion. See a dermatologist for a chemical peel. Get laser treatment.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: If you have a laptop, the USB ports are probably on the left or right side of the housing. Desktop users may find the USB ports on the back or the front of the desktop tower, though iMacs have the USB ports on the back of the monitor itself. There are two main types of USB ports found on modern computers:   USB 3.0 — A thin, rectangular slot that's about 3/4 of an inch (a little under two centimeters) wide. You should see a chunk of plastic in the upper half of this slot. USB 3.0 slots are found on the majority of Windows computers and on most Mac computers manufactured prior to 2016.  USB-C — A thin, oval slot that's about 1/2 of an inch (a little over a centimeter) wide. These are most commonly found on MacBook and MacBook Pro computers, though some Windows laptops also have USB-C ports. If your computer has both types of port, you're free to use whichever port you like depending on your USB flash drive type. Look at the metal connector end of your flash drive:  If the connector is rectangular and has a piece of plastic taking up part of the connector, you have a USB 3.0 flash drive. If the connector is oval and has no piece of plastic inside of it, you have a USB-C flash drive. If the flash drive that you want to use is a USB 3.0 version but your computer uses USB-C ports, you'll need to buy a USB-C adapter and plug it into the USB-C port on your computer. This is most common on MacBooks and MacBook Pros from 2016 and up, though some Windows computers also have only USB-C ports. If you're using a USB 3.0 flash drive, make sure that the plastic piece in the flash drive's connector is at the bottom of the flash drive so as to slide under the piece of plastic that's at the top of the USB 3.0 port.  USB-C flash drives can be inserted either way. If you're using a USB-C adapter, you'll plug your USB flash drive into a USB 3.9 slot in the adapter instead.

SUMMARY:
Locate your computer's USB port. Determine your computer's USB port type. Figure out which type of flash drive you have. Buy and attach an adapter if necessary. Plug your flash drive into your computer.