Espresso is made by forcing hot, high-pressure water through freshly-ground coffee beans, yielding a small amount of liquid, about ¾ to 1 ½ oz liquid. A proper espresso is made from coffee beans that have been roasted medium-dark or darker, ground to a fine consistency, and packed evenly into an espresso basket. While there is an endless variety of espresso preferences and traditions, these basic properties define the drink. If your drink fills an ordinary coffee cup, was made from coarse-ground beans, or went through an ordinary coffee filter, it is not a typical espresso. An "espresso macchiato" adds a small amount of milk or milk foam atop the drink. A light brown, frothy layer tops the surface of a properly made espresso. This "crema" is a rapidly evaporating compound of coffee oils and solids, not found in any other coffee drink. Thicker, redder crema, with flecks of copper or dark gold, suggests the espresso was "pulled" perfectly. The crema dissolves quickly after creation, so an espresso served without a crema may have sat out a couple minutes, or may not have achieved enough pressure.
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One-sentence summary -- Know how an espresso is made. Watch the color and thickness of the crema.


To call a landline or mobile phone internationally with Skype, you'll need either a subscription or enough credit with Skype. Unfortunately, all reliable online telephone services will charge for their international service. A number pad should open, similar to a telephone's keypad. On the right should be displayed your country information and calling rates. This will add the USA phone code (+1) to the beginning of whichever number you're going to call to reach the United States. Be sure your country selection is correct before continuing. Once you've selected the USA from the drop-down menu, enter the ten-digit phone number (area code + seven digit number). Press the blue "call" button to place your call.
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One-sentence summary -- Buy Skype credit or a subscription. Sign-in and press "call phones". Select "United States" from the drop-down menu. Enter the number and press "call".


You can perform this method using any browser, but not all websites allow you to find the file this way. Most browsers also allow you to press Ctrl+U or ⌘ Cmd+U to open the webpage's source code. Ctrl+F or ⌘ Cmd+F to open the Find box. swf into the Find box.  The Flash file will usually have a filename that's similar to the title of the movie or video. Sometimes this address will be obvious, but other times it will be obfuscated by the website creator.  The URL may be changed by the website owner to appear invalid. For example, Newgrounds often adds additional slashes to make the URL invalid. You can remove the extra slashes to make a working URL. http:\/\/uploads.ungrounded.net\/643000\/645362_examplegame.swf would be turned into http://uploads.ungrounded.net/643000/645362_examplegame.swf. Some Flash videos will have an .mp4 version that you can download instead. This will be easier to open, as it will work in on most devices and video players. Make sure that you've fixed the URL if it requires fixing. Press ↵ Enter and the Flash file should load in the new tab without the website that was hosting it. Select "Save as" or "Save page as". This will download the .swf file to the location of your choosing. If you can't see the File menu, press Alt. Once you've saved the Flash file to your computer, you can open it by dragging it into an open web browser window. Click here for more details on playing .swf files.
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One-sentence summary -- Open the website that contains that Flash file you want to download. Right-click on the website and select "View page source". Press . Type . Click the Next button to find each instance of "swf" in the source code. Look for a URL that leads to the Flash file. Copy and paste the URL into a new browser tab. Click the File menu or Menu button (☰) in your browser. Open the Flash file.


Before you get to sawing, gluing, and sanding, you’ll need to know exactly how big your door needs to be. Find the height and width of your empty doorway by running a tape measure down one side, then stretching it across the top. Make sure you jot your measurements down. You’ll need to refer back to them later while you’re cutting the panel for your door. Run down to your local hardware store or home improvement center and purchase a sheet of plywood to use as the main panel for your new door. For a standard interior door, 1⁄2 in (1.3 cm) plywood will work best. A solid piece of plywood will create a door with a much sturdier construction than the hollow-bodied variety installed in most homes. Using the measurements you recorded earlier, draw one line down the length of the plywood corresponding to the height of the doorway and another line across the top to indicate the width. This will create a rough outline for your door panel. Use a ruler or straight edge to confirm that your lines are straight and precise. Otherwise, you could end up with a door that doesn’t fit! to the correct dimensions using a circular saw. Guide the saw blade slowly over the plywood sheet along the height and width lines you just drew to trim the excess material from the edges. Depending on how your work bench is set up, you’ll need to reposition either the plywood or the saw when it comes time to make your second cut.  Laying a separate piece of lumber along your measurement lines will ensure cleaner cuts and help prevent mistakes. The standard size of an interior door is 80 inches (200 cm) x 24–30 inches (61–76 cm). Run an electric sander or sheet of high-grit sandpaper over both sides of the panel, using even pressure to ensure that the outer surface is smooth and level. Once you’ve sanded both faces, turn your attention to the edges of the panel.  You may have to clamp or brace the panel against another object to hold it steady while you sand the edges. At this point, you can either move on to painting and installing the mounting hardware if you’re satisfied with a plain, flat door, or cut a few more pieces of plywood to add textural accents to your blank panel.
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One-sentence summary --
Measure the doorway where you’ll be installing your door. Acquire a 4 ft (1.2 m) x 8 ft (2.4 m) sheet of 1⁄2 in (1.3 cm) plywood. Mark the doorway dimensions on your plywood sheet with a pencil. Cut the plywood Sand the entire door panel.