Q: In determining whether the use of copyrighted material is considered "fair," courts consider the purpose and character of the use.  If the material is used in a way that is transformative, meaning that it alters the fundamental character of the original work, the use is considered fair.  However, if the new version merely copies or supersedes the original work, then the use is not fair.   For example, a poet who uses a line from a T.S. Eliot poem in her own poem is likely within the doctrine of "fair use" because she is using it to create a new poem. The purpose for which you use the copyrighted work is also critical.  Generally, the following uses are deemed "fair use" of copyrighted material:  Criticism and comment-- for example, while copying a song lyric is generally not permitted, it may be considered "fair use" if reproduced within the context of a music review.  News reporting Research and scholarship Non-profit educational use-- for example, photocopying of limited portions of written works by teachers for classroom use.  Parody Another factor courts consider is the nature of the copyrighted work.  Certain types of works, like unpublished or highly creative works, are protected more closely.  Therefore, your use of such works is more likely to violate copyright law.  Determine whether the work you want to use is published or unpublished.  If only a few copies were made and it was never intended for public distribution, it is likely unpublished and any use of it could be risky. Ask yourself if the work is highly creative or purely factual.  If you choose to take material from a work that is highly creative, like a poem or a song, you are more likely to violate copyright law. Courts also consider the amount of the copyrighted work that was used and the relative importance of that section to the work as a whole.  For example, copying a few lines from a novel could be safely within fair use unless those lines are critical to the heart of the overall work.    On the other hand, even copying one line of a song might violate copyright law because the total content of the song is so short. A final factor courts consider is the impact of your use on the existing and potential market value of the original work.  Ask yourself: will your use of the copyrighted work deprive the owner of the copyright of a significant source of potential or existing income? For example, a sculptor used copyrighted photographs to create sculptures and sold them for several hundred thousand dollars.  Even though the sculptor used the photographs in a way that was entirely new, a court found the sculptor had violated copyright law by depriving the photographer of a potential market that existed for his photographs.
A: Create something new rather than copying. Use only for certain purposes. Consider the nature of the copyrighted work. Restrict your use to a small and relatively insignificant portion of the copyrighted work. Evaluate how your use will affect the value of the original work.

Q: You don’t need to fill it all the way to the top, so leave a little bit of room. If the water is warm, it will conduct the electricity more effectively but it will also still work just fine with cold water.  You can use either water from out of the tap or bottled water, it doesn't matter which. Warmer water has a lower viscosity and allows ions that conduct electricity to move more freely. All you need to do is pour it in and then stir it around a little bit to help it dissolve. This turns it into a saline solution.  Sodium chloride (which is table salt) is an electrolyte which helps aid the conductivity of the water, as water by itself isn’t particularly conductive. By making the water more conductive, the current from the battery flows through more easily which results in the water being split into hydrogen and oxygen more effectively. Make sure to remove the eraser at the top of the pencil. You need to sharpen the pencils enough that the graphite is fully exposed at both ends.   These graphite shafts that are encased within the pencil are your electrodes and will conduct the electricity that comes from the battery. The graphite works really well as it doesn’t dissolve or get damaged in the water while you conduct the experiment. Use cardboard that is thick enough to maintain its structural integrity when it has some holes punched through it. Try cutting a square portion out of a shoebox or some other kind of thick box.  The purpose of the cardboard is to suspend the pencil graphite in the water without allowing it to touch the walls of the glass. Because cardboard has no metallic properties to it, it can sit on top of your glass without affecting the outcome of the experiment. Use the actual pencils to do this as you need to snugly fit the pencils into the holes so the pencils don't move around or slip. If the graphite touches the walls or the base of the glass, it will interrupt the experiment.
A: Fill a 350 ml (12  fl oz) glass with warm water. Dissolve 1 tbsp (17 g) of table salt in your water. Sharpen both ends of 2 #2 pencils so the graphite is exposed. Cut a square piece of cardboard that is big enough to cover the glass. Punch 2 holes in the cardboard using the 2 pencils.

Q: Hammer the stake about 18 in (46 cm) away from the tree and 18 in (46 cm) into the ground at about a 15-degree angle away from the tree.   You can use a pickaxe to get the hole started, or wet the ground with a hose first to soften it and make it easier to pound the stake in. Avoid damaging the roots when placing the stake. You can buy stakes made of treated wood at a garden store or home improvement center. The stake should be about 3/4 of the height of the tree, and can be about 2–4 in (5.1–10.2 cm) in diameter. This method will work for trees that are of a size you can straighten by pulling on it with your hands. If you cannot move the tree with your hands, then you will need to use another method to straighten it. Use an old piece of garden hose or get a piece of rubber hose at a hardware store. Feed the ratchet strap through it until it is in the middle of the strap.  Make sure the piece of hose is long enough to wrap about 3/4 of the way around the trunk of the tree to protect the bark. You can use wire fed through a piece of rubber hose as well, but a strap with a ratchet is easier to tighten. Straps with ratchets are available at home improvement stores, or you can find special tree straightening straps at a garden store. Don't use wire or tight rope as a tree strap as these will damage the bark and potentially kill the tree. Wrap the strap around the side of the tree that is leaning towards one direction. Place it about 18 in (46 cm) high above the ground. Pull the loose ends of the strap towards the stake. If the tree is particularly small and flimsy, then place the strap closer to the ground wherever it seems more stable. Pull on the tree with the strap gently to make sure the tree can still stand on its own under pressure. Tie the loose ends in a tight knot around the stake. Ratchet the strap until the tree is standing straight. Don’t tighten the strap so that the tree cannot move at all. You want it to be able to move a bit in the wind so the roots grow strong. Check on the tree at least once a week and take slack out of the strap. This will keep the tree from leaning again and help it to grow straight. You should also check on the tree after any big wind storms to make sure it is still held securely in place. Loosen the straps a bit at first to make sure that the tree is standing straight. Take the straps off completely when you see that the tree can stand straight on its own.  A growing season is the period of the year during which trees and other plants grow the most. Usually a growing season is about 90 days long, but can last for a whole year in tropical climates. You can start the staking process at any time of the year, but make sure to let the tree pass through a full growing season before you remove the strap.
A:
Pound a stake into the ground in the opposite direction than the tree is leaning. Feed a ratchet strap through a piece of rubber hose. Wrap the hose around the back of the tree and pull the strap to the stake. Tie the strap around the stake and ratchet it tight. Monitor the tree and tighten the strap when it becomes loose. Remove the straps and stakes after 1 growing season.