Combine 1⁄2  c (120 ml) of white vinegar and 1⁄2  c (120 ml) of plain water in a cup or bowl. Set your solution aside for now until you are ready to clean. Vinegar is a natural cleaner that works like a mild bleach and can be used to clean many types of materials. Flatten it out as much as possible. You can place heavy objects on the corners to stretch it out and keep it flat and stable. Remember that the sooner you start working on the oil stain, the easier it will be to remove. Gently and carefully dab the oil stain with the moistened cotton ball or swab. Be careful not to use too much of the cleaning solution as you could damage the paper you are cleaning if it gets too wet.  If the oil spot looks like it is getting too wet, dab it dry with a paper towel or let it air dry so that you don’t create a hole in the paper. Keep dabbing rather than letting the vinegar soak in, until the stain appears to be lifted, then you can dry the area. Once the spot is completely dry you can see if the stain was completely removed. If there is still an oil stain, repeat the process to remove as much of it as possible. Keep in mind that this method will work better the fresher the stain is, older stains may not come out completely but you can reduce their visibility.
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One-sentence summary -- Create a cleaning solution with half plain water, half white vinegar. Lay the affected piece of paper out flat on a hard, waterproof surface. Moisten a cotton ball or swab with the cleaning solution and clean the spot. Dry the cleaned area by dabbing it with a dry paper towel and letting it air dry.


Once you’ve recorded the measurement for the top diameter, place the tape measure at one end of the bottom edge of the lamp shade. Pull it across to the opposite side to get the proper measurement. Write down the second measurement with the top diameter to make sure you know the precise size of the shade. Mark this measurement as “bottom diameter.” Set the shade down on the table once more. Place the end of the measuring tape at the top edge of the shade, and pull it down to the bottom edge to measure the slope.  Sometimes, a shade’s slope is referred to as its height. If you have a square lamp shade, it obviously won’t have slope. Measure from top to bottom in the same manner, though, to get the height of the shade. Record the next measurement with the top and bottom diameters. Mark it as the shade’s “slope” or “side.” Once you’ve recorded all 3 measurements for the shade, you can choose the proper size for a new shade. Most shades list the measurements in the following order: top diameter, bottom diameter, and slope/height.
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One-sentence summary -- Hold the measuring tape across the bottom diameter. Record the number. Measure the shade’s sloping side. Jot down the number. Use the measurements as a guide for a replacement shade.


In many countries and in every state in America, urinating and defecating in public is against the law. You can be charged with disorderly conduct if you are seen peeing or defecating in public places including public parks or public waterways.  In some very rare cases, urinating or defecating in public places can result in charges like indecent exposure or public lewdness, which can result in registering as a sex offender for the rest of your life.  Of course, there are circumstances when hiking or camping where you must relieve yourself even on public land. It is vitally important that you use common sense and ensure that you are in a relatively secluded area when you relieve yourself outdoors. The ethical and responsible way to enjoy the great outdoors is by leaving no trace of your presence there after you've left. Not only does this mean leaving wildlife alone and not destroying natural landmarks, it also means leaving no trace that you've relieved yourself. This means you will need to properly bury your own fecal waste. If you will be spending time outdoors camping, hiking, or picnicking, plan on the fact that you or your friends will need to relieve yourselves at some point in the outing.   You will need a small trowel or hand shovel for digging a hole to bury feces, a roll of toilet paper, and a plastic bag to cart out used toilet paper when you leave. You will also need waterless hand sanitizer.
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One-sentence summary -- Know the law. Leave no trace. Come prepared.


Combine 1 cup (237 ml) distilled or purified water with 1/2 tsp (2.5 g) natural salt and 1/2 tsp (2.5 g) baking soda. Shake or stir the ingredients together in a clean container.  Distilled water is ideal, but if you opt for tap water, boil it first to remove any impurities. Allow the water to cool to lukewarm temperatures before use. Only use sea salt, pickling salt, canning salt, or other unprocessed non-iodized salt. Do not use table salt. Natural anti-inflammatory additives can help minimize the inflammation causing your stuffy nose and may reduce any stinging caused by the nasal rinse itself.  Ghee is one possible anti-inflammatory. Add 1 tsp (5 ml) to the saline solution and mix well. Warm milk and glycerin can also be used to make the rinse more soothing. Add 1 tsp to 1 Tbsp (5 ml to 15 ml) of either option to the rinse. Xylitol can also make the solution sting less. Additionally, it can help kill candida, making it helpful if you are battling a sinus infection. Add 1/4 tsp (1.25 ml) to the solution. If you're dealing with sinus troubles caused by viruses and bacteria, adding something with natural antiseptic properties can help your body fight off infection.  Apple cider vinegar, colloidal silver, grapefruit seed extract, and raw Manuka honey are all natural remedies believed to have antiviral and antibiotic properties. With any of these additives, start by only mixing in one to two drops. Using more can increase stinging or cause further complications. Alternatively, you could try using 1/4 to 1/2 tsp (1.25 to 2.5 ml) hydrogen peroxide. This can be especially helpful if you are diagnosed with an actual sinus infection, but you should not use hydrogen peroxide with any other antiseptic additive. It is also recommended that you use hydrogen peroxide with xylitol powder to help minimize the irritation it can cause. Certain essential oils can help clear or soothe your nasal passageways, but since many are so concentrated, they can also cause burning and further irritation.  Eucalyptus, peppermint, frankincense, and rosemary are all safe and may help relieve sinus pressure and associated pain. Only use one at a time, however, and mix in no more than one drop with a standard batch of saline solution. Do not use oregano oil. Even in small amounts, oregano oil will be too strong and will likely cause severe irritation or pain. As a general rule, it's best to only use essential oils you're already familiar with. Use pure essential oils, and do your research to verify that a particular oil is safe to use internally. After preparing the solution, draw it into a clean bulb syringe. Insert the tip of the syringe into your nostril and carefully squeeze the solution through your nasal passageways.  Tilt your head downward over a sink and rotate it slightly to the left. Insert the tip of the filled syringe into the right nostril, aiming it toward the back of the head. Squeeze the bulb to spray the solution into your nostril. After several seconds, the solution should run out of your left nostril or mouth. Repeat the same procedure for the left nostril. Repeat this procedure two to four times daily. Continue for up to seven days, or stop sooner if your symptoms subside.  Clean the syringe in between each use. Typically, saline solution can be held for three days if kept in a covered container at room temperature. Discard the solution earlier if it turns cloudy or smells strange.
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One-sentence summary --
Prepare a basic saline solution. Add something to soothe irritation. Try various antiseptic additives. Carefully consider using essential oils. Use the solution to flush out your nasal passageways. Repeat as needed.