Gross profit is your total revenue earned from your goods or services, minus the cost of producing or providing those goods or services (COGS). This calculation does not include expenses like payroll, rent, or utilities; it only considers the cost directly related to creating those goods and services. Gross profit margin is the gross profit divided by revenues.  Net profit takes all business expenditures into account and is calculated as gross profit minus administrative expenses and other relevant expenses. This includes regular operational costs (payroll, rent, etc.) and one-time costs (taxes, contractor invoices, etc.). You must also include any additional earnings, such as investment income.  Net profit provides a more complete and detailed rendering of the business health and is generally what is used to manage the business. The steps below detail how to find this number. Net profit is also known as "the bottom line." To calculate your business's profit margin, choose the period of time you want to analyze. Generally, people use either months, quarters, or years to calculate their profit margins. Consider why you want to calculate your margins. If you are applying for loans or looking to attract investors, these people will want to know more than just how your business did over a single month. However, if you're comparing your profit margin between different months for your own purposes, it's fine to use shorter periods of time. Revenue is everything the business brings in through sale of goods, services, or earnings of interest.  If your business only sells goods, such a retail shop or restaurant, your total revenue is all the sales you had during the period you've chosen to analyze minus any returns or discounts. If you don't already have this figure on hand, multiply the total number of items you sold by the price of each of those items and then adjust for returns and discounts. Similarly, if your business provides services, such as lawn mowing, your total revenue is all of the amounts you collected for your services during a period. Finally, if the business involves owning securities, you should include the interest and dividend income from those sources in your total revenue calculation. Expenses are the opposite of revenue. They're any amounts you have had to pay, or will pay in the future for things you did and/or used during the calculation period. This includes expenses incurred to operate as well as the expense required to carry investments.  Common expenses are the cost of labor, rent, electricity, equipment, supplies, inventory, banking, and interest expense on loans. Generally if you run a small business you can just add up everything you paid for during the period. For example, if your business earned $100,000 in revenue during the calculation period, and in order to earn that revenue the business spent $70,000 on rent, supplies, equipment, taxes, and interest payments, you subtract $70,000 from $100,000, your remaining revenue after expenses was $30,000. The resulting percentage is your profit margin, which is the percent of your revenue that you keep as income.  In our example above, our difference was $30,000. $30,000 ÷ $100,000 = .3 (30%) As a further example, if your business sells paintings, the profit margin calculation tells you on average, when a person pays for a painting, how much of that money you will keep in profit.
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One-sentence summary -- Know the difference between gross profit, gross profit margin, and net profit. Determine your calculation period. Calculate the total revenue generated by your business during the calculation period. Subtract all your expenses to calculate your net income. Divide your net income by the total revenue you already calculated.


Once the bird is comfortable around you, it will stay calm as you approach it, and may even eat the treat directly from your hand. This may take weeks or months for an adult bird that is not used to close human interaction. Once you've reached this stage, you may convince the cockatiel to leave its cage, although some older birds that did not grow up socialized may not voluntarily do this. Make sure all windows and doors in the room are closed, and no other pets are present, before you open the cage. Once the bird will approach you and eat from your hand, start approaching it in a similar way with an empty hand, extending two fingers horizontally. Hold the hand in position until the bird calms down, rewarding a bird with a treat if the cockatiel remains calm. Again, keep these sessions to 10 or 15 minutes, once or twice each day. Eventually, move your hand directly to the bird's perch, or touch its feet. Once you can keep your hand there without agitating the bird, gently push the bird's lower chest with your fingers. A light nudge should be enough to slightly knock the cockatiel off balance, and cause it to step on your finger with one foot. Each time the bird starts to step up, say a short command such as "step up" or "up." Praise the bird and give it a small treat when it does this. Praise again when bird steps with both feet. Keep training sessions to a few minutes at a time, making sure to always end on a positive note. The cockatiel may use its beak to test the stability of your finger. Try not to jerk your hand away when the beak touches your finger. Once the bird will step onto your finger on command, teach it to "step down" onto another perch using the same method. Reinforce these behaviors by teaching it to "ladder," or repeat the "step up" command from your left hand to your right and back again. Train the bird to perform these movements daily, until it will do so on command without a treat. You do not need a special command for laddering. Repeat the "step up" command instead.
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One-sentence summary -- Open the cage only when the cockatiel is comfortable. Continue moving your hand closer during training sessions. Get the bird to step onto your finger. Encourage the behavior. Teach the cockatiel to step down and ladder.


Over the counter ranitidine is commonly available in 75 mg and 150 mg tablets. If you have spoken with your doctor or otherwise know based on past experience that 150 mg is the right dose for you, opt for that. Otherwise, talk to your doctor or start with the 75 mg tablets. You can always take a second tablet if 75 mg is not enough. The brand-name version of ranitidine, Zantac, is available in a syrup form. Zantac syrup has been found to be especially helpful for heartburn and acid reflux. A syrup may also be easier to properly measure and administer to children, especially kids who haven’t learned to swallow tablets yet. For severe or chronic conditions, your doctor may be able to prescribe you a higher ranitidine dosage than you can buy over the counter. Talk to your doctor about your symptoms and what you’ve done to try and manage your symptoms so that they can help determine if you need a prescription-strength medication. You won’t need to provide ranitidine injections for yourself, but the medication can be administered either through intramuscular injection (IM) or intravenous drip (IV) in a hospital or emergency room. If you have a severe or chronic condition, talk to your doctor about if and when you might need ranitidine injections.
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One-sentence summary --
Check the dosage on tablets. Use a syrup for heartburn and acid reflux. Ask your doctor about a prescription. Look into injections.