Article: The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out your data is. It gives you information on how similar each data point is within your sample, which helps you determine if the data is significant. At first glance, the equation may seem a bit complicated, but these steps will walk you through the process of the calculation. The formula is s = √∑((xi – µ)2/(N – 1)).  s is the standard deviation. ∑ indicates that you will sum all of the sample values collected. xi represents each individual value from your data. µ is the average (or mean) of your data for each group. N is the total sample number. To calculate the standard deviation, first you must take the average of the samples in the individual groups. The average is designated with the Greek letter mu or µ. To do this, simply add each sample together and then divide by the total number of samples.  For example, to find the average grade of the group that read the material before class, let’s look at some data. For simplicity, we will use a dataset of 5 points: 90, 91, 85, 83, and 94. Add all the samples together: 90 + 91 + 85 + 83 + 94 = 443. Divide the sum by the sample number, N = 5: 443/5 = 88.6. The average grade for this group is 88.6. The next part of the calculation involves the (xi – µ) portion of the equation. You will subtract each sample from the average just calculated. For our example you will end up with five subtractions.  (90 – 88.6), (91- 88.6), (85 – 88.6), (83 – 88.6), and (94 – 88.6). The calculated numbers are now 1.4, 2.4, -3.6, -5.6, and 5.4. Each of the new numbers you have just calculated will now be squared. This step will also take care of any negative signs. If you have a negative sign after this step or at the end of your calculation, you may have forgotten this step.  In our example, we are now working with 1.96, 5.76, 12.96, 31.36, and 29.16. Summing these squares together yields: 1.96 + 5.76 + 12.96 + 31.36 + 29.16 = 81.2. The formula divides by N – 1 because it is correcting for the fact that you haven’t counted an entire population; you are taking a sample of the population of all students to make an estimation.  Subtract: N – 1 = 5 – 1 = 4 Divide: 81.2/4 = 20.3 Once you have divided by the sample number minus one, take the square root of this final number. This is the last step in calculating the standard deviation. There are statistical programs that will do this calculation for you after inputting the raw data. For our example, the standard deviation of the final grades of students who read before class is: s =√20.3 = 4.51.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Define the formula for standard deviation. Average the samples in each group. Subtract each sample from the average. Square each of these numbers and add them together. Divide by the total sample number minus 1. Take the square root.
Article: Pick a room or area in your house that will be designated as your toddler’s space to play in. Remove all dangerous or sharp objects from the room and fill the space with safe toys. Set the room or space apart from the rest of the house by securing it with a baby gate. The kitchen can be very dangerous to your child because it is filled with this that can burn, cut or injure your toddler. To prevent your child from getting into the kitchen, put a baby gate in the doorway of the kitchen to keep your child out. Having a gate can also be useful because you can work in the kitchen and keep an eye on your child in the next room, as baby gates keep you from having to shut the kitchen door. Give your child a toy that is adapted to your child’s specific age. In particular, look for soft toys that don’t have any small parts that could break off. The toy should also be free of sharp parts that could cut your child. If your child were to knock something over, like a vase, that shatters, your child could get cut. Because of this, it is important to remove breakable objects from the reach of your child. If you put the breakable objects out of reach of your child, make sure that they are on a stable surface that your child cannot move. For example, if the vase were put on a table that could be moved around easily, your child might lean on the table and accidentally cause the vase to fall and shatter. Instead, put the vase on something sturdy. Chemicals can be very dangerous because your child could swallow them, and some can be very toxic. Household products often contain sulfuric and phosphoric acid, chlorine, ammonia, formaldehyde and phenol. To keep these chemicals out of the reach of your child:  Close the door of the room containing the chemicals. If you cannot close the door for some reason, make sure you put all the chemicals out of the reach your children. Paints and varnishes can also be extremely toxic and should be kept away from children or avoided. There are some household plants that can actually be toxic if eaten. Because of this, it is important to make sure that all of your houseplants are not toxic, in case your toddler decides to chew on a leaf. Some of these toxic household plants include:  Aloe Vera, Burn Plant, Chrysanthemums, Cyclamen, Heart leaf philodendron, Philodendron, and Azaleas. Additionally, do not use stones as decorations because your child could try to eat the stones, or could fall and injure him or herself on the stones. Put a fence or grate around the fireplace and put padding on all the sharp edges and corners. If your child tends to play near the fireplace, you may want to consider not using the fireplace until the child has grown up a bit and knows not to go near or try to touch the fire. An often overlooked source of poisoning is the over-the-counter medications or prescriptions that some women keep in their purses for when they are away from home. Adult strength medications can be very detrimental to the small body of a toddler. Toddlers should never be allowed to play with purses, even though it may seem cute, because one person’s purse might be full of safe things for a toddler to play with, but someone else’s might not be.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Set up a play room or play area for your child. Install a baby gate in your kitchen doorway. Give your child safe toys to play with. Remove vases and other fragile objects. Keep any dangerous chemicals out of reach or locked up. Avoid keeping any toxic plants in your home. Protect your toddler from the fireplace. Don’t allow your toddler to play with your purse.
Article: Clean, empty formula cans make excellent storage containers for crayons (or markers or colored pencils). If desired, you can cut strips of paper or fabric and use them to decorate the can. You can also use a formula can as a piggy bank. Cut a slot into the center of the lid for money, then secure the lid. Decorate as desired. Baby food jars are transparent, so they make great storage containers for small items. Use them for buttons, beads, thumbtacks, paper clips, and anything else you can think of.  Baby food jars work especially well for spices. Be sure to label them clearly. Alternatively, use them to store paints. The boxes from wet wipes can be used to store makeup, hair accessories, first aid supplies, arts and crafts materials, and anything else that fits. Since these boxes are made from plastic, which is waterproof, you can also use them to store family photos or important documents.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Store crayons in old formula cans. Make a piggy bank. Use baby food jars for storage. Use wet wipes boxes to store various supplies.