In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Sometimes all the prevention possible will not keep your white sneakers always looking clean. Before you do a thorough cleaning with a damp sponge, brush or wipe off any dirt, mud, grass clippings or sand. It’s important to get rid of excess debris, while your shoes are dry, so you don’t set stains in more. Remove your laces to get them, and your shoes, looking as clean as possible. If you attempt to wash your shoes with the laces still in them, grime will accumulate around the openings. Place laces in a small mesh laundry bag to keep them from wrapping around other laundry. Set them out to dry and do not place them in the dryer to avoid shrinkage. Drop one to two drops of dish soap on a damp sponge or dish rag. Place your sponge in a bowl of water or rinse it in the sink to dilute. Don’t use too much soap on your nice, white sneakers! Wring your sponge or rag out to remove excess water, and gently wipe your shoes down from tongue to sole.   Do not scrub leather. Carefully rub dirt and repeat if necessary. Take a wet dish rag with a dime-sized amount of laundry soap to clean canvas. Wring the dish rag out and wipe down your shoes thoroughly. Wet the rag again to remove all accumulated dirt and soap. Wipe down your shoes a second time. Repeat if necessary, and let them dry by a fan or in the open air for a few hours. Do not place canvas in the washing machine. It can tear them and yellow your soles. Even after you have thoroughly brushed and cleaned your white sneakers, you may be left with discolored areas. Leather shoe polish can take care of this. Wipe polish on with a soft cloth, like an old t-shirt, and let it dry for a few minutes. Take a clean side of your old t-shirt to lightly buff out any scuff marks.  White leather shoe polish is good for solid white shoes. Use a neutral shoe polish on white shoes that have accent colors. A neutral polish goes on clear and can be used on other leather shoes or bags.
Summary: Dry brush dirt and debris off shoes. Clean laces in the washing machine. Sponge leather shoes with a small amount of dish soap. Wipe down canvas shoes with laundry soap. Polish leather.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Doctors use the major and minor criteria to determine if Prader-Willi Syndrome is a possible condition for your child. Looking for these symptoms can help you determine if your child should be tested or examined by a doctor.  For children two and under, a total of five points is needed to be tested. Three to four points must be from the major criteria symptoms, with the others coming from the minor symptoms. Children three and over must score at least eight points. Four to five points need to be from the major symptoms. One good way to get your child diagnosed for Prader-Willi Syndrome early is to take them to their scheduled check ups after they are born. The doctor can track their development and start to notice any problems. During any of the visits during your child’s early years, the doctor may use the symptoms noticed during the exam to diagnose PWS.  In these appointments, the doctor checks the child’s growth, weight, muscle tone and movement, genitals, and head circumference. The doctor also routinely monitors the child's development. You should tell the doctor if your child has problems eating or sucking, if there are problems sleeping, or if they seem like they have less energy than they should. If your child is older, tell your doctor about any food obsessions or habits of overeating you notice in your child. If the doctor suspects PWS, they will perform a genetic blood test. This blood test will confirm that your child has PWS. The test will look for abnormalities on chromosome 15. If there is a history of PWS in your family, you can also get prenatal testing to check your baby for PWS. The genetic test can also help you figure out if you may have other children with the same condition.
Summary: Know when to seek medical help. Take your child to the doctor. Get genetic testing.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: The standard equation for absorbance is A = ɛ x l x c, where A is the amount of light absorbed by the sample for a given wavelength, ɛ is the molar absorptivity, l is the distance that the light travels through the solution, and c is the concentration of the absorbing species per unit volume.  Absorbance can also be calculated using the ratio between the intensity of a reference sample and the unknown sample. It is given by the equation A = log10(Io/I).  Intensity is obtained using a spectrophotometer. The absorbance of a solution will change based on the wavelength that is passed through the solution. Some wavelengths will be absorbed more than others depending upon the makeup of the solution. Remember to state which wavelength is being used for your calculation. Using algebra we can divide absorbance by the length and the concentration to get molar absorptivity on one side of the equation: ɛ = A/lc. We can now use this basic equation to calculate molar absorptivity for a given wavelength. Absorbance between readings can vary due to the concentration of the solution and the shape of the container used to measure intensity. Molar absorptivity compensates for these variations. A spectrophotometer is a piece of equipment that passes a specific wavelength of light through a substance and detects the amount of light that comes out. Some of the light will be absorbed by the solution and the remaining light that passes through can be used to calculate the absorbance of that solution.  Prepare a solution of known concentration, c, for analysis. Units for concentration are molar or moles/liter.  To find l, measure the length of the cuvette, the piece that holds the liquid samples in the spectrophotometer. Units for path length are measured in centimeters. Using a spectrophotometer, obtain a measurement for absorbance, A, at a given wavelength. The unit for wavelength is meters, but most wavelengths are so small, they are actually measured in nanometers (nm). Absorbance has no units. Using the values you obtained for A, c, and l, plug them into the equation ɛ = A/lc. Multiply l by c and then divide A by the product to solve for molar absorptivity. For example: Using a cuvette with a length of 1 cm, you measured the absorbance of a solution with a concentration of 0.05 mol/L. The absorbance at a wavelength of 280 nm was 1.5. What is the molar absorptivity of this solution?  ɛ280 = A/lc = 1.5/(1 x 0.05) = 30 L mol-1 cm-1
Summary:
Understand the Beer-Lambert law for absorbance, A = ɛ x l x c. Rearrange the Beer-Lambert equation to solve for molar absorptivity. Obtain values for the variables in the equation using spectrophotometry. Plug in the values for the variables and solve the equation for molar absorptivity.