Trojan horses are big deals—especially on Mac computers—meaning that patches which immobilize or remove trojan horses are often released when a high-profile trojan horses infect multiple computers. Updating your computer will also keep your computer's security suite and firewall up to date, which will improve the chances of your security options preventing a trojan horse from downloading before it ever reaches your computer. Virtually all pieces of software originate on an authoring or "first-party" site (for example, the Steam program used by most PC gamers originated on and can be downloaded from the Steam website). Downloading software from any site other than the one on which it originated is risky, and can lead to accidentally installing malware. An exception to this rule is when a trustworthy first-party website lists a different site as its download location (or "mirror"). For the same reason that downloading programs from third-party sites isn't recommended, using a torrenting (or P2P) site to download files can be incredibly dangerous for your computer. This is especially true when downloading cracked versions of programs since trojan horses almost always disguise themselves as installation files for other programs. While some programs recommend making exceptions in your firewall or disabling your antivirus for a small period of time, doing so opens you computer to attacks and can be conducive to trojan horse installations. Safe Mode restricts the number of programs which can run to only the most basic ones needed to run your computer; this will often disable programs which were installed by a trojan horse, allowing you to remove them without running into errors or having them come back later. You'll most likely want to use Safe Mode to remove things like unwanted toolbar programs (e.g., Bing).
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One-sentence summary -- Keep your computer updated. Avoid downloading files from third-party sites. Don't use P2P or torrenting sites. Refrain from disabling your antivirus or firewall. Remove troublesome programs in Safe Mode.


Your best bet, of course, is to try to time anything you have to do out and away from home with when your baby takes a nap. By making sure that they're sleeping while you're out, this will reduce how much you have to worry about keeping them entertained.  For example, put them in a baby carrier right before naptime and then do your grocery shopping. They'll fall asleep on your chest and let you get your shopping done without a shouting match. Another example is if you have to go on an airplane or a car trip. Schedule the travel to coincide with baby's nighttime sleep routine. Get them ready for bed but instead of putting them in bed, put them in the car. They sleep and let you drive in peace. For strollers and car seats, the thing that will help you the most is getting and keeping on hand some toys which can attach to where your child will be sitting. Babies love to throw their toys over the side or down onto the ground or floor, making them cry and creating more work for you. By keeping toys which latch onto the seat, you make sure that baby can get their toy back whenever they want. For keeping your junior happy and entertained while you're out and about, food can be crucial. They might not be really hungry, but taking the time to pick through a bowl of Cheerios can buy you just enough time to get through the line at the post office without a boredom meltdown.  Try to choose snacks that baby can eat alone. Small items that take a lot of time to eat are a great choice here. Cheerios, raisins, apple chips, and seedless grapes (halved lengthwise or quartered for safety) are all good options here. Avoid hard foods, unhealthy foods, and foods which are difficult to chew and swallow (like peanut butter). This is especially important when you're in the car, since it's harder for you to notice when baby chokes. Also avoid messy foods like peas, which easily roll away from baby. Bring a series of nesting tupperware containers and a bag of dried peas or beans. Put baby to the task of transferring beans from one tupperware and into another. This will easily keep them entertained for hours. If you didn't bring these materials with you or if you can't, you can use stuff that's found on the airplane in a pinch. Ask for some empty coffee cups and stack them. The child knocks them down. Or play the "shell game". Many parents use a rear-facing car seat (which is the safest method for a one year old), but this can leave your baby feeling stressed because they can't see you. Get a mirror which attaches to their seat. Not only will this reduce their stress by helping them see you, they can also entertain themselves by looking at their reflection. Make some silly faces at the baby in the mirror. This will be fun for them and they might even try to imitate you.
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One-sentence summary -- Try to time car and stroller activity with nap time. Keep attachable toys. Keep food on hand. Try the transfer game for plane rides. Use a mirror for car trips.


Many problems regarding fractions involve determining if two fractions are equivalent. By calculating this number, you can begin putting the fractions in the same terms to determine equivalency.  For example, take the fractions 4/8 and 8/16 again. The smaller denominator is 8, and we would have to multiply that number x2 in order to make the larger denominator, which is 16. Therefore, the number in this case is 2. For more difficult numbers, you can simply divide the larger denominator by the smaller denominator. In this case 16 divided by 8, which still gets us 2. The number may not always be a whole number. For example, if the denominators were 2 and 7, then the number would be 3.5. Two fractions that are different but equivalent have, by definition, numerators and denominators that are multiples of each other. In other words, multiplying the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same number will produce an equivalent fraction. Though the numbers in this new fraction will be different, the fractions will have the same value. For instance, if we take the fraction 4/8 from step one and multiply both the numerator and denominator by our previously determined number 2, we get (4×2)/(8×2) = 8/16. Thus proving that these two fractions are equivalent.
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One-sentence summary -- Find the number by which the smaller denominator needs to be multiplied to make the larger denominator. Multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction expressed in lower terms by the number from the first step.


Before you can help someone during an episode of hyperventilation you will need to assess his condition.  Generally, the signs will be apparent; however, you will need to be sure that he is in fact hyperventilating in order to help him properly.  Hyperventilation will usually be characterized by very fast, shallow, chest level breathing. The person will generally appear to be in a state of panic. Speech will be difficult for the person. Muscle spasms in the person's hands may be visible. If you think someone is hyperventilating you can help by offering your reassurance that she is going to be fine.  Often times hyperventilating can cause even more panic during a panic attack, resulting in an increasing cycle and worsening symptoms.  Calm reassurance can help lower the amount of panic the person is feeling and restore normal breathing rates.  Remind her that she is having a panic attack and that she is not experiencing something life-threatening, such as a heart attack. Keep your tone calm, relaxed, and gentle. Let her know that you are there with her and are not going to leave her. During an episode of hyperventilation, carbon-dioxide levels fall in the body and can cause symptoms typically associated with hyperventilating.  In order to retain carbon-dioxide in the body, have the person breathe using the following methods:  Have him purse his lips, exhaling and inhaling through them. He may also try closing the mouth and one nostril.  Have him breath in and out only through one open nostril. If the person appears in distress, turns blue, or complains of any pain, then emergency services should be contacted for evaluation in the ER.
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One-sentence summary --
Notice the signs of hyperventilation. Reassure the other person. Help the person to increase his carbon-dioxide levels.