Summarize the following:
Being vigilant in the classroom is the best way to catch students cheating and to prevent cheating from happening in the first place. State your expectations at the beginning of the class and before the exam or test. Make sure your students know the penalties for academic dishonesty. Arrange desks in the room to spread out students if possible. Alternately, assign seats to students so that they do not sit at their usual desk. Students will not be able to sit next to a friend with whom they could plan to cheat. Ask students to store backpacks, books, or binders underneath their chairs. If your test environment is a large space, such as an auditorium, consider having an assistant or two help you monitor the students during the exam. These individuals can roam around the room and cover more ground than a single person can. Look at each student as he or she comes through the door and say hello. Keep an eye on students who look fidgety or nervous.  Glance at their arms, hands and hats to make sure there aren’t any notes written on those areas.  Be wary of students who are constantly pulling their long sleeves down to cover more of their arms. Keep in mind that many students are anxious when they come into an exam. Don’t automatically assume that someone who looks nervous is going to cheat. However, it can't hurt to keep a closer eye on said students. In addition, don't assume a student who doesn't appear worried is not going to cheat. Some students have cheated many times before and became adept at their methods, so they may be more confident about the test.

summary: Always be in control of the classroom. Arrange the testing environment. Use multiple proctors. Greet students as they come into the classroom.


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Box window fans have flat sides and blow air in a single direction, which makes them ideal for blowing a steady stream of air into or out of your home. Visit your local hardware store or home-improvement store and look at their box window fan selection. While other types of fans, like circular rotating fans, are great for moving air around inside your home, they’re less effective at bringing in air from outside. A larger fan will move more air than a smaller fan. Look for fans that will take up at least 2/3 of the horizontal width of your window frame. Make sure that the fans also fit within the lower portion of your window when the window pane is fully opened. Square fans aren’t too expensive, so plan to pay $15-30 USD per fan.  If you need to, measure the dimensions of your windows and take a tape measure with you to the hardware store so you can measure the fans as well. Avoid fans that are too large for the window. If you position them near the window and outside the window frame, they’ll fall over. When you install the fans, some will be situated to blow cool air inward and others will blow hot air outwards. It’s best to have the same number of fans blowing in each direction.  Bear in mind that setting up 2 or 3 smaller, less powerful fans is roughly equivalent to 1 large, powerful fan. If you have an uneven number of windows and can’t have equivalent fans blowing inward and outward, it's better to have more blowing inward. This creates a slight positive pressure inside the home, which prevents dust and insects from coming in when the doors are opened.

summary: Choose square box window fans rather than other types. Select the largest fans that fit inside your home’s windows. Purchase an even number of fans to maximize airflow.


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During a physical examination for a hernia, the doctor should always have you stand up. While the he or she gently probes the swollen area, you'll be asked to cough, strain, or perform a movement to the best of your ability.  The doctor will evaluate the flexibility and movement in the area where a hernia is suspected. After assessment, he or she will be able to diagnose whether you have one, and what type of hernia you may have. This is the most common type of hernia, and happens when the intestines or bladder push the lower abdominal wall into the groin and inguinal canal. In men, this canal holds chords that connect to the testicles, and hernias are usually caused by a natural weakness in the canal. In women, the canal holds ligaments that keep the uterus in place. There are two types of inguinal hernia: direct and, more commonly, indirect.  Direct inguinal hernia: Place your finger on the inguinal canal — the crease along the pelvis where it meets the legs. You will feel a bulge that pops out toward the front of the body, and coughing will make the larger. Indirect inguinal hernia: When you touch the inguinal canal, you will feel a bulge going from outside towards the center of your body (lateral to medial).  This bulge may also move down towards the scrotum. Hiatal hernias happen when the upper part of your stomach pushes through the opening of the diaphragm, and into the chest. This type of hernia usually happens in people over 50 years old, though. If a child has a hiatal hernia, it's likely because of a birth defect.  The diaphragm is a thin sheet of muscle that helps you breathe. It's also the muscle responsible for separating the organs in the abdomen and in the chest. This kind of hernia causes burning sensations in the stomach, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing Though they can occur later in life, umbilical hernias commonly occur in newborns or babies less than 6 months old. They happen when intestines push out in the abdominal wall near the belly button or the navel. The bulge is especially noticeable when the child is crying.  With umbilical hernias, you will see a bulge at the "umbilicus," or belly button. Umbilical hernias usually go away on their own. But, if it lasts until the child is 5 to 6 years old, is very large or is causing symptoms, the hernia may need surgery.  Take note of the size; small umbilical hernias, around half an inch (1.25cm), can go away on their own. Large umbilical hernias require surgery. The incisions (cuts) performed during surgery take time to heal and scar over properly. It also takes time for the surrounding muscles to regain their strength. If organ tissue pushes out through the incision scar before it's healed, an incisional hernia occurs. It's most common in elderly and overweight patients. Place gentle but firm pressure near the surgical site with your fingers. You should feel a bulge somewhere in the area. While femoral hernias can happen to both men and women, the vast majority of cases occur in women because of their wider pelvic shape. In the pelvis, there's a canal that carries arteries, veins and nerves into the upper-inner thigh. This canal is normally a tight space, but it often becomes larger if the woman is pregnant or obese. When it stretches out, it becomes weak, and thus vulnerable to potential hernias.
summary: Understand how doctors diagnose hernias. Recognize an inguinal hernia. Suspect a hiatal hernia in people over 50. Look for umbilical hernias in babies. Be careful of incisional hernia after surgery. Recognize a femoral hernia in women.