Summarize the following:
To further assist you in determining the sex of fruit flies, it's helpful to know how they behave in general. For example, it is useful to note their mating habits so you can identify a male fruit fly by the way he behaves in a mating scenario. Female fruit flies choose a mate within 15 minutes. They decide based on the way the male dances and brushes against the female’s body. When one fly is still while the other hops around like it is dancing, this may be a mating ritual. The male is the one moving. If you're studying fruit flies in a controlled environment in order to study gender differences, it's good to know how long they will live. Fruit flies only live for 1/3 of a year, or about four months. They are very sensitive to temperature. They can start reproducing within a week of being born, producing hundreds of eggs at one time. You can find fruit flies buzzing with a “buzz” sound around rotting fruit. They tend to lay their eggs in fruit that has just become ripe so that by the time the larvae hatch, the fruit is rotten enough to produce the juices the flies need to survive.  Their mouths are shaped for sucking up liquids, making rotten fruit the perfect nest. You may find more females around such fruit since they are the ones interested in laying eggs.

summary: Note how females choose mates. Be aware of their lifespan. Notice where they like to live.


Summarize the following:
Consider using a kettle, saucepan, microwave, or electric hot pot, depending on which of these resources are available to you.  A kettle is an ideal option, but saucepans work in a very similar way. Fill the kettle or saucepan with enough water for your batch of coffee. Place it on the stove and heat, over medium to high heat, until the water begins to simmer or boil. Microwave water by placing it in a microwave-safe dish. Insert a wooden chopstick or other non-metallic utensil to prevent the water from super-heating and microwave in short intervals, no greater than 2 minutes each, until the water is hot enough. You can heat water in an electric hot pot by simply adding enough water to the device, plugging it in, and setting the dial to medium or high heat.

summary: Boil the water.


Summarize the following:
Clean the kitten straightaway if it’s very dirty and covered with mud, dirt, or other detritus. Leaving a kitten in a soiled condition for too long will be uncomfortable for it and can lead to a rash. Cleaning a heavily soiled kitten will mean giving it a bath rather than just a simple wipe down with a flannel. Prepare the supplies before you begin bathing the kitten. Here’s what you’ll need:  A clean flannel and towel(s). Mild hand soap (no harsh chemicals or cleaners). A basin or sink. Consult with your veterinarian about products to use if your kitten has fleas. The water temperature should be about 95 °F (35 °C). This temperature will help the kitten stay warm and keep it comfortable. To gauge the water’s temperature, touch the water with your hand, place it on your wrist, and feel the degree of temperature on your own skin. It is important to keep the water at a reasonable temperature. The kitten’s skin is sensitive. Water that is too hot can burn the skin easily, while cold water can reduce the kitten’s body temperature. Fill the basin until it’s about 4 inches (10 cm) full before your kitten gets introduced to the water. Do not submerge your orphaned kitten in too much water because it may be too weak to keep itself from drowning. Use your hand to wet the kitten’s hind quarters and lower belly, rather than submerging it in water.  Wet the kitten gently, and use slow, smooth movements while you’re handling the kitten. This will help it feel safe. After you’ve supported the kitten in the sink for a few days, try letting it stand in the water for a few seconds at a time. Begin by squeezing a small amount of shampoo on a cloth. Gently rub shampoo over the kitten’s whole body, not forgetting to clean its face, abdomen, legs, and back. Start shampooing its head and move down to the back, belly, and tail. Try to remove the feces or urine excreta from the fur by rubbing it out with the cloth. Keep water and soap out of the kitten’s eyes, ears and face. This could irritate sensitive areas and scare the kitten. After spreading the shampoo on your kitten’s body, rinse it thoroughly by using a cup of water and pouring it slowly over the kitten’s neck and back. Use a damp cloth to clean the soap off of the kitten’s face. Move gingerly to help the kitten feel safe, and avoid splashing water in its eyes.  Do not place the kitten’s head directly under the tap. This will startle the kitten and make it more difficult to control during future bath times. If the kitten seems nervous or afraid, speak to it in a calming voice. Bathing the kitten should only take 5–10 minutes. Once you’ve finished, dry the body of your kitten with a dry towel. Then wrap the kitten with another soft and dry towel and put it in a warm place until dry. If the kitten seems cold or is shivering, hold it against your body to keep it calm and warm it up. You can rub the soft towel on the direction of kitten’s hair to hasten the drying process. This will also build up friction and warm the kitten.
summary: Prepare the kitten’s bath supplies. Run the tap water to adjust the temperature of the water. Fill a basin or sink halfway with warm water. Wash a flea-free kitten with a mild pet shampoo. Rinse the kitten off completely. Wrap the kitten in a towel when you’re done.