Summarize the following:
Philosophy requires one to rigorously and critically examine life and the world in its totality. To do this, one must be free of prejudice, ignorance, and dogma.  The Philosopher is one who dwells in reflection and observation: they take every experience and seeks to understand it, even if doing so requires one to be brutally honest. This requires one to cast off the preconceived notions that one may have accepted in the past and subject all of one's beliefs to critical scrutiny. No belief or source of ideas is immune, regardless of its origin, authority, or emotional power. To think philosophically, one must think for one's self.  Philosophers do not simply form opinions and chat idly. Philosophers, instead, develop arguments, based on premises that can and will be challenged by other philosophers. The goal of philosophical thinking is not to be right, it is to ask good questions and seek understanding. Hundreds of years of philosophical thinking came before your own examinations of the world and, learning about the ideas of other philosophers will raise new ideas, questions, and problems to think about. The more philosophy you can read, the better a philosopher you can become.  Few tasks are more important to the philosopher than reading. Professor of philosophy Anthony Grayling described reading as a duty of "extreme intellectual importance," and suggests reading literary works in the morning and philosophical works later in the day.  Read the classics. Some of the most enduring and powerful philosophical ideas in Western philosophy come from long-philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus,Hume,  Descartes, and Kant, and today's philosophers recommend familiarizing yourself with their important works. In Eastern philosophy, the ideas of Lao-Tse, Confucius, and Buddha have been equally enduring, and deserve attention from any budding philosopher.  At the same time, if you start reading something by one of these thinkers and it isn't stimulating to you, don't be afraid to set it aside and pick up something else that you find more compelling. You can always come back to it later. Pursuing a bachelor's degree in philosophy is a good way to structure these studies, but many great philosophers were also self-taught. Balance your copious reading with self-investigative writing: where reading broadens your perspective of the world, your writing will give you depth of understanding. Start writing down your reflections on the philosophical texts you are reading right away. Spend time thinking about the world, what it means to live, to die, to exist, and what the point of it is. These topics lead to big, unanswered, often unanswerable questions, questions only philosophers, young children, and other highly curious individuals have the imagination and courage to ask. More "practical" topics, like those derived from the social sciences (e.g. political science or sociology), the arts, and even the physical sciences (e.g. biology and physics) can also provide fodder for philosophical thinking. While developing your critical thinking, you should take part in any debate you can. This will increase your ability to think freely and critically. Indeed, many philosophers see the vigorous exchange of ideas as an important path toward truth.  The goal here is not to win a contest, but to learn and develop your thinking skills. There will always be someone who knows something better than you, and arrogance will hinder your ability to learn from them. Keep an open mind.  Keep your arguments sound and logical. The conclusions should follow from the premises, and the premises should have evidence backing them. Weigh the actual evidence, and avoid being swayed solely due to repetition or ignorance. Practicing the construction and criticism of arguments is crucial to any developing philosopher.

summary: Question everything. Read philosophy. Think big. Engage in debate.


Summarize the following:
Line several muffin tins with cupcake liners. Alternatively, use silicone cupcake holders.

summary: Preheat the oven to 350°F/180ºC. In a large bowl, mix together the eggs, oil, buttermilk and vanilla, using a large spoon. Stir the sour cream into the egg mixture with the spoon. Add the cake mix and the cinnamon to the wet ingredients and blend all the ingredients together until they form a smooth batter. Crush the cereal in a sealable bag with a rolling pin. Pour 2/3 cup of the cereal crumbs into a measuring cup. Gently stir in the crushed cereal using a spatula. Fill the cupcake liners 3/4 full with the batter. Bake the cupcakes for 15 to 18 minutes or until an inserted knife or toothpick in the center of the cupcake comes out clean. Remove the cupcakes from the oven and place them on a wire rack to cool.


Summarize the following:
Double-click the Excel document that contains your pivot table. If you haven't yet made the pivot table, open a new Excel document and create a pivot table before continuing. Click the Pivot Table on your worksheet to select and edit it. This tab is in the middle of the toolbar ribbon at the top of the Excel window. It will open your pivot table tools on the toolbar ribbon. On different versions, this tab may be named Analyze, or Options under the "Pivot Table Tools" heading. This button looks like an "fx" sign on a table icon on the far-right end of the toolbar. It will open a drop-down menu. It will open a new window where you can add a new, custom column to your Pivot Table. Click the Name field, and type in the name you want to use for your new column. This name will appear at the top of the column. Click the Formula field below Name, and type the formula you want to use for calculating you new column's data values.  Make sure you type the formula on the right side of the "=" sign. Optionally, you can also select an existing column, and add it to your formula as a value. Select the field you want to add in the Fields section here, and click Insert Field to add it to your formula. Doing so will add the column to the right side of your pivot table.
summary: Open the Excel document you want to edit. Select the pivot table you want to edit. Click the Pivot Table Analyze tab. Click the Fields, Items, & Sets button on the toolbar ribbon. Click Calculated Field on the drop-down menu. Enter a name for your column in the "Name" field . Enter a formula for your new column in the "Formula" field. Click OK.