Write an article based on this "Find out if bail is necessary. Find out the bail amount. Understand the different types of bonds. Check if a bondsman is an option in your state. Determine if the jurisdiction accepts signature bonds. Determine if you need a bail bondsman. Have the bondsman ready ahead of time."
article: Bail will be set at the arraignment. In many situations, especially for minor offenders committing first-time offenses, the defending attorney (or public defender) may argue at the arraignment that the defendant should be released under his or her “own recognizance.” When a person is released under his or her own recognizance, it means that the court is trusting the person to return for the actual court date without holding a bond amount to ensure the person returns. The base bail amount is determined by a “bail schedule,” which outlines recommended bail amounts for each type of criminal offense. Starting with the recommended bail, the defending attorney can argue to reduce the bail amount, and the prosecutor can argue to raise the bail amount from the recommended level as well. This is called a “bail motion.”  Reasons a prosecutor may introduce a bail motion include:  The person being a flight risk, which means that the court determines a person is not likely to return for their court date. Employment status, family in the area, and other community ties factor into this determination. The person presents a danger to society, which means that the court determines releasing a person may potentially put others in danger.   If the accused represents neither of these factors, then the defending attorney may argue to reduce the bail amount below the standard bail schedule amount. However, one’s personal attorney will likely charge fees to appear and argue on the person’s behalf, which may even exceed the reduced bail amount. If the court tries to set a bail amount that far exceeds the bail schedule for the respective offense, then the defending attorney may also argue to lower the cost based on the accused’s 8th amendment rights, which require that bail not be excessive. There are many different kinds of bonds that you could post to get someone out of jail. The most common are:  Private bail bonds. Here, you pay 10% of the full amount of the bail. Public bail bonds. Where private bonds are illegal, you pay 10% of the full amount of the bail to the state. In the federal court system and Washington D.C. judges have the authority to authorize signature bonds if you cannot afford to pay bail. Signature bond or own recognizance. You agree to come to court. If you fail to show, then you must pay a financial penalty. Property bonds. Some states and the federal government allow these bonds, where you insure the bond with real property (such as your house). If the person skips bond, then you would lose your house. There is little variation by state for bail requirements and no difference in bail factors because it is derived from the U.S. Constitution. One of the biggest variations involves whether a bail bondsman can post a bond in your state. Illinois, Kentucky, Oregon, and Wisconsin do not currently allow bail bondsmen. Due to the perceived predatory nature of the practice, many countries have outlawed it completely. Other U.S. states have shown interest in doing so as well. Often, areas that have banned private bondsmen accept a “signature bond,” wherein a number of people, such as friends and relatives, sign on to verify that they will cover the bail amount without actually turning over funds. They are legally liable for the amount if the accused does not attend court proceedings. In order to verify if the local court accepts signature bonds, call ahead and see what types they accept. Typically these signature bonds will involve showing some sort of deed or title. They might even just be a promise that the signers will cover the bail if the defendant skips his or her court dates. In instances where there is a bail amount, especially a high amount, many people do not have the available funds to post a bond.  Bail bondsmen make their living by putting up money to fulfill the bail requirement. They then charge a percentage of the total bail as their fee.  Alternately, if you have the money it may make more sense to pay the full bond amount than go to the bail bondsman. If you pay the full amount yourself, then you will get back more than you would if you go to a bail bondsman (assuming you make all of your appearances). There are usually a few bail bonds companies surrounding the jail or court in every city. There is usually very little variation in price between bail bondsmen. Bondsmen typically charge 10-15% depending on the type of crime or geographic location. For example, a 10% bond fee on a bail amount of $10,000 will mean that you pay $1,000 to the bondsman that you will not recover. Sometimes there is also a minimum fee amount, which would apply to some smaller bail amounts. If you can afford to put up the amount without the assistance of a bail bondsman, then it’s a far less expensive route to take. If you know for a fact that you will need to use a bail bondsman to help post the bond, then you can actually contact the bondsman early in order to have the bondsman appear at the arraignment. If the bond is paid directly after the arraignment (the defendant’s first appearance in front of a judge when the bail amount is set), it can cut down significantly on the time the person spends in holding.  Bondsmen usually have someone on staff at all hours. Call ahead and let them know when you need them. They can also help with local procedures or rules for bailing someone out. If you retain a lawyer, most criminal defense lawyers have bondsmen with whom they are familiar. They can prepare for a bondsman to be present at the arraignment for you. Situations where you can anticipate the necessity of a bail payment without any motions to reduce the amount include: felony cases, misdemeanors that involve injury (“aggravated circumstances”), and multiple misdemeanors committed in succession. By simply knowing the charges the accused faces, you may be able to determine if the expected bail amount exceeds what you can afford without a bondsman. If you are the one jailed, then you will need a friend or family member to work with the bondsman. When you get out, you can then contact the bondsman and have the bond reassigned to you.

Write an article based on this "Use “that” for restrictive clauses. Use “which” for non-restrictive clauses. Determine where you should place commas."
article: If you determine that omitting the clause changes the meaning of the sentence, you need to use “that” in your sentence. For example, in the sentence “I like dogs that are brown,” the clause “that are brown” is crucial to understanding the sentence; it limits what type of dogs you like. If omitting the clause only removes additional information from the sentence, you need to use “which” in your sentence. For example, in the sentence “I took the firetruck, which is my niece’s favorite toy, to be fixed,” the clause “which is my niece’s favorite toy” only adds information to the sentence. You’re taking the firetruck to be fixed – the fact that the truck is your niece’s favorite doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence. If you’re creating a non-restrictive clause and therefore using “which” in your sentence, the clause should usually be surrounded by commas. In some cases, though, you may also use dashes or parentheses to separate a non-restrictive clause.  For example, “I love lobster, which is expensive, because it reminds me of growing up by the ocean,” would still have the same meaning without “which is expensive.” Therefore, "which is expensive" is the phrase you should surround with commas. If you know you have a non-restrictive clause and need to use “which,” but don’t know where to put the commas, test it. Your sentence should still make sense if you take out the words surrounded by commas.

Write an article based on this "Talk back to your cat. Use nonverbal communication cues. Deliver commands to your cat."
article:
Cats are always learning how to communicate with us. The more that you communicate with your cat, the faster he or she will learn.  Use a slightly raised tone of voice to indicate friendliness and a lowered tone of voice to indicate displeasure or aggression.  Using repetition will help your cat learn to anticipate consistent activities.  You may want to repeat a word such as sleep or bed each time you go to bed. Eventually, your cat will begin to associate the repetitive word sound with your actions and may even get to the bedroom before you. Cats can be trained to understand words, but they will instinctively understand nonverbal cues.  Creating a warm environment with clear expectations and few surprises can help strengthen your initial bond with a new cat.  If you blink slowly when making eye contact with your cat, she will usually respond by coming over to be stroked. This is seen as a very non-threatening gesture. Try not to stare directly into a cat’s eyes. It tells her that you're unfriendly or aggressive.  If your cat wants to go somewhere such as next to you on the couch, but he seems unsure, pat the space and use a soft, reassuring voice to invite him to join you. Be consistent in your intent and expression. A common blunder many pet owners make is to say "no" but pet the cat at the same time. This is very confusing to the cat. So for example, if you want your cat to go away, a firm "later" and a gentle push, without showing affection, will let the cat know that her presence is not desired at this time. Most cats will try two to three times to invade a person's space, often from different directions. When saying "Later", be patient. Never yell at or physically discipline a cat. This only frightens and angers the cat, and is counterproductive. Instead, to show displeasure, you can add a hard edge to your voice. The cat will pick up on that and sense unhappiness. Being consistent with the wording, tone, and other accompanying signals while giving your cat training commands will help both of you agree on and understand clear expectations.  Develop a commanding tone to use with your cat when he or she is doing something that you consider to be wrong. Use a voice that comes naturally to you and can be replicated easily, but that is also distinct from your everyday talking voice. If you use this voice sparingly but seriously, your cat will learn to associate the voice with the idea that she is displeasing you. Make a quick and sharp hiss or spit sound as a "no" command. This is similar to the sound made as a correction or warning in “cat language” and using it can communicate your intent more clearly to your cat. With patience, cats can be trained to respond to commands, much the same as for dogs. You can even teach your cat to shake your hand.