Problem: Article: Charles Darwin (1872) was the first to suggest that the facial expressions of certain emotions were universal. Studies in his time were inconclusive; however, research continued on the subject, and in the 1960s Silvan Tomkins conducted the first study demonstrating that facial expressions are in fact reliably associated certain emotional states. Studies have shown that when emotions are spontaneously aroused, congenitally blind individuals produce the same facial expressions as sighted individuals do. In addition, facial expressions considered to be universal in humans have also been observed in non-human primates, particularly chimpanzees. A face expressing happiness or joy will feature a smile (corners of the mouth drawn up and back) with some teeth exposed, and a wrinkle runs from the outer nose to the outer corners of the lip. The cheeks are raised, and the lower eyelids are tense or wrinkled. The narrowing of the eyelids causes “crow’s feet” wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes. A face that is smiling but does not involve the muscles in the eyes indicates a fake smile or polite smile that is not actual happiness or joy. A face showing sadness has the eyebrows drawn in and up, the skin below the eyebrows is triangulated with the inner corner up, and the corners of the lips are turned down. The jaw comes up and the bottom lip pouts out. Studies show that this emotion is the hardest expression to fake. A face showing contempt, or hate, has one corner of the mouth rising, like a sort of half-smile which is actually a sneer. A disgusted face has the eyebrows downcast, but the lower eyelid raised (causing the eyes to narrow), the cheeks are raised and the nose is scrunched. The upper lip is also raised or curled upward. A surprised face features the eyebrows raised up and curved. The skin below the brow is stretched and there are horizontal wrinkles across the forehead. The eyelids are so wide open that the whites are showing above and/or below the pupils. The jaw is dropped and teeth are slightly parted, but there’s no stretching or tension of the mouth. A face showing fear has raised eyebrows that are usually more flat, not curved. There are wrinkles in the forehead in the center between the brows, not across. The upper eyelids are raised, but lower eyelids are tense and drawn up, usually causing whites to show in the upper eye but not lower. The lips are usually tensed or drawn back, the mouth may be open and nostrils may be flared. An angry face will show eyebrows that are lowered and drawn together, eyes staring hard or bulging, with vertical lines appearing between the brows and the lower eyelids tensed. Nostrils may be flared, and the mouth is either firmly pressed together with the lips drawn down at the corners, or in a square shape as if shouting. Also, the lower jaw juts out.
Summary: Think about the link between emotions and expressions. Learn to read happiness. Identify sadness. Learn to read contempt. Identify disgust. Watch for surprise. Notice fear. Identify anger.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: These are the components of your robot's circuit. While you'll use two of the transistor's wires (or "leads") in the circuit, one of the leads must be left alone for later; you can use the needle nose pliers to bend this lead over. The photoresistor's two leads are usually an inch to an inch and a half in length, so use the wire cutters to snip all but about 3/4 of an inch off of the leads. This will make the photoresistor less cumbersome to mount later. Take the other exposed end of the wire that you soldered to the battery holder, then solder it to one of the photoresistor's leads. Solder each of the photoresistor's leads to each of the unbent transistor leads. You'll solder one end of the resistor to the photoresistor lead that isn't connected to the battery compartment's wire. At this point, your photoresistor should have one lead that's connected to a transistor lead and the battery compartment wire, and one lead which is connected to a transistor lead and the resistor lead.

SUMMARY: Lay out the resistor, photoresistor, and transistor. Bend away one of the transistor's three leads. Trim the photoresistor's leads. Connect the battery compartment to the photoresistor. Connect the photoresistor to the transistor. Connect the 4.7k resistor to the photoresistor.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: If you are looking at a pedigree that traces a specific trait, there should be some information included about what trait it is tracing. To trace the trait, start at the oldest generation. This will allow you to see how it has been passed down through the generations. Look for a roman numeral on the side of the pedigree that shows which generation is number 1.  If there are no roman numerals included on the pedigree you can still easily determine the first generation. Look for the subjects that only have a line indicating a reproductive relationship connected to them. This indicates that the subjects below them are their children and their parents are not represented on the pedigree. The pedigree should also give you information about all of the symbols on the pedigree that are not standard. By looking at the symbols on the pedigree you can see who has been affected by the trait and who has not. Look for filled in circles and squares to see who has been affected. In some cases, just by looking at who has been affected by a trait you can trace it through every generation. If every generation has an occurrence of a trait then that trait is called dominant. A dominant trait is one that is will always be expressed if it is present in someone's DNA. As a genetic trait is passed down, there can be people or animals who carry the trait in their DNA but are not affected by the trait. To determine if someone is likely a carrier of a trait, you need to look at the generation before them and the generation after them. If the generation before this person was affected by the trait and a person after them is affected and has no other relatives that have a history of this trait in their family, then that person is a carrier. Determining who a carrier is can be difficult when a person has several ancestral lines that could be the source of a trait. By tracing the relationships in a pedigree and seeing who had a trait and who did not, you can get insight into whether the trait is carried on the sex chromosomes, called the x and the y. Look closely at parent and child relationships and see which parents and children had a trait and which did not.  For example, if males of every generation have the same genetic trait, then that trait is likely carried on the y chromosome, which females do not have. If a trait impacts both males and females, it is not linked to sex and is carried on a different type of chromosome. This type of trait is called an autosomal trait.
Summary: Read the key on the pedigree and identify the oldest generation. Determine whether the trait has shown up in every generation. Analyze the pedigree for recessive carriers. Determine whether the trait is sex linked.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Place the middle of the drumstick in between your index and middle finger. Spin the drumstick by moving your pointer finger away from you and moving your middle finger toward you. This will make the drumstick in between your fingers spin over toward your other two fingers (ring and pinky finger). As you do this first spin between your index and middle finger, relax your ring and pinky finger so they can be pulled away and lower than your two spinning fingers. This will prevent the stick from hitting those fingers as you execute the first spin.
Summary:
Position the drumstick between your pointer and middle finger.