You will probably see a “belly button,” or umbilicus. This is usually located almost at the center of the belly, just below the rib cage. If the puppy was born within the last few days, the umbilical cord may still be attached. Once the umbilical cord shrivels and falls off -- which should happen within a few days -- there will be a little scar left behind on the belly. This scar is a slightly brighter color than the surrounding skin and feels a little bit thicker. If your puppy is male, there will be another small raised spot or “button” of flesh about an inch or so below the scar. This is the prepuce, or sheath, of the puppy’s penis. The prepuce will have a small hole at the center.  The prepuce may have little wispy hairs around it or even on it. Do not attempt to pull out or unsheathe a male puppy’s penis until the puppy is at least 6 months old. Dogs have an os penis, or “penis bone.” You may damage the penis or penis bone if you attempt to forcibly unsheathe a young male dog’s penis. Male puppies will have testicles, although you may not be able to feel them before they are 8 weeks old. If you can locate the testicles, they will be high up between the puppy’s hind legs. Depending on your puppy’s size, its testicles will be about the size of a lima bean. By 8 weeks old, the testicles are usually enclosed in the sack-like scrotum. Unlike male puppies, female puppies will have smooth bellies (other than their umbilicus scar). Females do not have a prepuce. A puppy’s anus is located directly under its tail. If your puppy is male, you will only be able to see its anus. If your puppy is female, you will see a raised, fleshy area just under the anus. This is the vulva. The vulva of a female puppy is small and leaf-shaped. It has a vertical slit. It is usually located almost directly between the puppy’s hind legs. The vulva may have some wispy hairs on it. Just like humans and other mammals, both male and female dogs have nipples. They will not inform you of a puppy’s sex. Puppies should have their first set of vaccinations at around six weeks old. If you can’t figure out what sex your puppy is, your veterinarian can help you with this during a routine visit.
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One-sentence summary -- Look at the puppy’s belly. Look below the bellybutton or umbilicus scar. Check for testicles. Feel the puppy’s belly. Examine the puppy’s rear end. Disregard the nipples. Consult your veterinarian.

Q: Ask your vet to administer a type-B toxoid vaccine to protect your horse. Although it doesn’t protect against all forms of botulism, it limits your horse’s risk of contracting the illness. The vaccine can be administered at any time after the horse is at least 2 weeks old.  Vaccination involves 3 initial dose vaccinations, followed by a single annual booster vaccination. If your horse does get botulism, the vaccine can decrease the severity of the infection. When dead animals decay, they can release botulism toxins. Small animals like rodents are attracted to your horse’s water, so it’s important that you inspect it often to keep it clean.  It's best to check 1 or 2 times per day. If you find a dead animal, you should remove it, drain the water, and disinfect the container. To disinfect the container, wash it with a 10% bleach solution. Rinse it twice before refilling it with water. Place a board in the water so that small animals can climb onto it if they fall in the water. They are not harmful to the horse unless they die in the water. Small animals can also get into your horse’s food. If they die, they’ll decompose and release toxins. This infects your horse’s food. Take steps to secure the food by keeping the storage area clean, blocking holes and cracks, and choosing sturdy containers. Check the food containers weekly to make sure that there are no holes or tears caused by rodents.  Before you put out feed, make sure that it is free of rodent droppings.  Ask your feed store about rodent-proof containers, which can help protect your horse’s food. If you see a rodent or other animal in your horse’s food, especially if it’s dead, throw that feed away. Do NOT give your horse potentially infected feed. If the container is reusable, disinfect it with a 10% bleach solution. Rinse it twice. Rodents and other wildlife can bring botulism to your horses. Put out traps or poisons in areas where rodents might hide, but keep them away from your horses. Protect areas like round bales, water troughs, and feed rooms. Clostridium botulinum spores exist naturally in soil and can become active in moist conditions. Horses can ingest soil, especially if it gets on their food. You can limit the risk of your horse ingesting contaminated soil by maintaining dry conditions and keeping soil off of feed.  Rake the soil often to aerate it, and remove mulch and old foliage to reduce the chance that the spores will become active.  Don’t let the horse eat hay from off the ground, as this can easily contaminate it. When you collect hay to feed your horse, make sure it is free of soil.
A: Get your horse vaccinated against a botulism infection. Check your horse’s water supply daily for dead animals. Store food properly so that small animals can’t access it. Keep rodents and other pests out with traps. Keep soil dry and away from the horse's feed.

Article: There should be very little soil left. When it does need to be repotted, move it into a container that is no more than 1 inch larger than the old one. Put 1 inch of potting soil into the new container, gently remove the Hoya from its old container and set it in the new one. Fill in around the roots with potting soil and water it generously to settle the soil and give it a good drink. It will bloom again on that same stem. The faded flowers can be snipped off with sharp scissors just below the flower.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Do not repot the Hoya until the container is full of roots. Repot your plant with peat-based potting soil. Leave the flower stem on the Hoya after the blooms fade.