INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Although both responses are serious, knowing how to tell the difference between a person who is in aquatic distress and someone who is drowning may help you to more easily ascertain a person who is in acute danger and requires immediate help. Someone who is experiencing aquatic distress displays symptoms many people generally associate with drowning. Aquatic distress is no less serious than drowning, but it generally doesn’t last long and the person can assist in his own rescue by grabbing lifelines or throw rings. Signs of aquatic distress include:  the victim’s head is low in the water, with his mouth at water level. he may tilt her head back with his mouth open he may have glassy or empty eyes that are unable to focus his hair may obstruct his view and he makes no attempt to move it he fails to kick with or move his legs and is in vertical position in the water he may be hyperventilating or gasping for air he may try to swim without making any real headway he may try to roll over on to his back he may appear to be climbing an invisible ladder. In contrast to drowning scenes shown in the movies or on TV shows, the signs of drowning are often quite subtle and may not appear to be serious. This is because of the Instinctive Drowning Response, which Dr. Francesco Pia identified as the ways in which a person tries to avoid suffocating in the water. Observing the signs of the Instinctive Drowning Response can help you to identify someone who is drowning and get help to her immediately. A person who is drowning:  is likely silent. A drowning person is almost always unable to call for help. There are some cases, however, in which a drowning individual can shout. may hold her mouth below the surface of the water or alternate between the surface and under the water. This makes it difficult for her to inhale or exhale. cannot wave or signal because the natural instinct is to press down on the water surface to lift him up for a breath. is also unable to control his arm movements, which make it difficult for him to swim to a rescuer or grab on to a lifeline. he will be vertical in the water and not show any signs of kicking.  A victim exhibiting these signs only has about 20-60 seconds before she is submerged underwater. About 20% of drowning victims are children under the age of 14. The signs of a child drowning are similar to those for adults, but there are some additional signals for which you can watch. These include:  Silence. Most children will splash and yell when playing in the water, if your child or the children you are with become quiet, check to make sure they are safe. Knocked down or failed barriers. If you have a pool at home that is fenced in, a failed gate or other barriers may indicate that your child accessed the pool area and is in need of immediate assistance.  Remember that your child can also drown in the bath, so make sure that you watch them at all times, even around the shallowest bodies of water.  If you have an underwater pool alarm and it goes off, it may be a sign of your child in distress. Although relatively uncommon, dry drowning can happen when children ingest a small amount of water that sends their airways into distress. Watching for the signs of dry drowning can save a child’s life or from serious medical issues. Be on the lookout for:  Any child rescued from the water. Dry drowning can occur even if a child is rescued so contact emergency personnel or call your doctor immediately. Persistent coughing. Labored, rapid, and shallow breathing. You may see flared nostrils or space between their ribs or a gap above the child’s collarbone in this case. Sleepiness. Changes in behavior, including forgetfulness. Vomiting.

SUMMARY: Discern between aquatic distress and drowning. Identify aquatic distress. Observe the signs of drowning. Watch out for a drowning child. Observe signs of “dry drowning”.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Logging in as root is not recommended for regular use, as it is very easy to perform commands that will render your system inoperable, and it also poses a security risk, especially if you are running an SSH server on your machine. Only log in as root when performing emergency repairs, such as dealing with disk failures or restoring locked accounts.  Using sudo or su instead of logging in as root will help prevent unintended damage while logged in as root. Using these commands gives the user a chance to think about the command before severe damage is done. Some distributions, such as Ubuntu, leave the root account locked until you manually unlock it. Not only does this prevent users from unknowingly doing too much damage using the root account, it also secures the system from potential hackers, as the root account is typically targeted first. With a locked root account, hackers aren't able to gain access with it. See the previous section for instructions on unlocking root in Ubuntu. root as the user when logging into Linux. If the root account is unlocked and you know the password, you can log in as root when you're prompted to log in with a user account. Enter root as the user when prompted to log in. If you need root access to perform a command, use the method in the previous section. After entering root as the username, enter the root password when prompted.  In many cases, the root password may be "password." If you don't know the root password, or have forgotten it, see the next section for instructions on resetting it. In Ubuntu, the root account is locked and cannot be used until it has been unlocked. There's a chance that the program you intend to run will have a negative effect on your system when it has root access. It's highly recommended that you use sudo or su to run programs instead of logging in as root.

SUMMARY:
Consider using other methods for gaining temporary root access. Enter . Enter the root password as the user password. Avoid running complex programs while logged in as root.