Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Ask yourself if your wrong friend can accept the truth. Be clear in your disapproval. Focus on the behavior, not the character. Be kind.

Answer: Some people will not be willing to hear the truth no matter what.  Think about your friend’s personality in order to gauge whether informing them of your true feelings is a good idea.  Are they willing to accept criticism?  Do they readily admit to being wrong when confronted with compelling evidence?  Do they take responsibility for their actions when wrong?  If so, sharing the truth with your friend is a good idea and will likely make a positive change. If, conversely, your friend is frequently defensive and shifts blame onto others when confronted with evidence of his or her shortcomings, your honest efforts at helping them see that they were in error will be wasted. In the case of a defensive friend, try to broach the subject in a variety of ways.  If they don’t understand that what they did was wrong the first time you explain it, maybe they need to hear it a different way.  Perhaps the first time you broach the subject, you’re indirect: “Do you think that what you said to Sam was kind?”  If they blow you off, make a stronger declaration next time: “You were very rude to Sam.  He deserves an apology.” Do not try to qualify your point of view by agreeing half-heartedly to your friend’s insistence that the other person is wrong.  Do not begin with a statement of praise before delivering the reality-check that your friend is in the wrong.  Finally, do not employ phrases like “With all due respect” or “No offense, but...”  Be direct and honest in your evaluation of your friend and explain why he or she is wrong.  For example, if Sam called Armin stupid directly or indirectly, and Armin (rightfully) refuses to hang out Sam, you should tell Sam “It was unkind and wrong of you to call Armin stupid.  You owe him/her an apology .  That’s the best way to put this conflict behind you.” Do not cover up your feelings of disappointment or frustration.  When you fail to express yourself to the person you have negative feelings toward, the feelings remain trapped, which leads to further frustration.  You may experience a building sense of resentment, apathy, detachment, and disdain, either generally or towards the friend who you didn’t confess your feelings towards.  To avoid the buildup of negative feelings, let the friend whose behavior you disapprove of know immediately. You may worry that your friend will be displeased when you admit you do not support their previous action or offense against your other friend.  This fear is unjustified, since openness and honesty between friends can strengthen the friendship. Remind your friend that while they should not have spoken to, treated, or badmouthed your other friend in the way they did, you know they are still a good person.  Emphasize to your wrong friend that they made a mistake, and that they can and should make amends.  Don’t make assumptions or generalizations about your friend’s personality.  For instance, do not say “You don’t know how to deal with people.”  Instead, say “You spoke rudely to Sam, and that was wrong.” Emphasize that he or she can change.  Encourage your friend to stay aware of how he or she might cause offense and avoid doing so in the future. If your friend has difficulty changing a particular antagonistic or confrontational behavior, advise them to consult a therapist.  Cognitive behavioral therapy is especially useful in transforming negative behaviors.  This type of therapy encourages individuals to actively consider their evaluation and processing of certain situations in order to help them adjust their emotions and behavior. Ask your friend how you can help.  Suggest that in the future, you point out similar behaviors in a nonjudgmental way. Offer criticism in a gentle way.  Do not call your friend names or raise your voice when explaining why you feel they are in the wrong.  Conversely, do not shut them out or give them the silent treatment.  Communicating your point of view in a healthy way will prevent the situation from escalating, and your friend might be more understanding of the person they were originally in conflict with when they hear your perspective.  Remember that the conflict between your two friends is not the end of the world.  It is only one part of your whole friendship with each of them. Understand that both you and your friend(s) may have valid points.  Sometimes agreeing to disagree is the best option. Tell your friend(s) “I would have handled the situation differently, but I see where you are coming from.” When discussing sensitive issues with your friend like the conflict between him/her and another individual, be discrete.  Do not bring it up in large social situations where others who are unaware of the conflict might learn of it or weigh in without understanding all the facts. Friends should always be sensitive to each others feelings.  Do not employ shame, blame, or a judgmental tone when speaking to your friend about the conflict.


Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Find a safe way onto the roof. Measure each side of the main section of the roof. Measure any additional structures separately. Record your measurements precisely. Draw a diagram of your roof on a large piece of paper. Use the measurements you took to label your diagram. Divide the roof up into simple geometrical sections. Multiply the length by the width to find the area of rectangular sections. Work out the area of the remaining triangular sections. Add up the areas of each section to get your total square footage. Divide your square footage by 100 to estimate your materials.

Answer:
In order to be able to take precise measurements of your roof, you’ll need to actually be on it. If you have an interior window that provides roof access, use it to step out onto a secure section. Otherwise, it will be necessary to set up an extension ladder and climb onto the roof carefully.  Bring a tape measure, pen or pencil, and notebook or pad of paper with you. You’ll need these items to record your roof’s measurements. Make sure your ladder is resting on a flat, stable patch of ground. If possible, have a helper hold it for you to stabilize it as you climb. Extend your tape measure along the outer edges of the roof to find its length and width in feet. For square or rectangular roofs, you’ll only need to record the length and width. For sloped sectional roofs, write down the dimensions of each individual plane.  Complete one side at a time before moving on to other areas. You’re just looking for the outer perimeter at this stage. In this context, a “plane” is defined as each flat, continuous section of the roof. If your roof features any architectural elements like hip ridges, valleys, or dormers, don’t forget to find the length and width of these areas, as well. These measurements will factor into your calculations and, therefore, the amount of materials you’ll need to buy.  Ridges and valleys are the top and bottom contours where smaller hip sections join the main part of the roof. Dormers are separate protruding structures that house windows in the upper floors of the house. They're ordinarily roofed separately.  There’s no need to account for chimneys, pipes, or other irregularities. You or your roofing contractor will work around these areas once the project is actually underway. As you take your measurements, jot them down in your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper. You’ll be using these numbers to calculate the total square footage of the roof later on. Write out each measurement exactly as it appeared on your tape measure to the nearest 1⁄2 inch (1.3 cm). Don’t round your roof measurements up or down. This will be done once it’s time to determine the number of shingles you need. Rounding before you begin multiplying and adding may throw off the accuracy of your final estimate. Make a rough top-down sketch of your roof. Pencil in the outlying shape, then flesh out your diagram with details like ridge lines, hips, valleys, and dormers until you have a rough representation of your roof’s basic layout.  Your diagram doesn’t need to be perfect. All that matters is that you have a visual aid to keep up with the various dimensions you’ll be using to make your final calculations. Use a pencil rather than a pen. That way, you’ll be able to make corrections and revisions as needed while you work. Write down the length and width of each corresponding section of the roof, starting with the outer edges where the eaves are. Then, put down the length of the ridge lines on each peak, hip, and valley. The idea is to reduce your roof to a series of lines in order to simplify your subsequent calculations. At this point, you may notice that many of your roof’s planes are irregular. The easiest way to get around this problem is to draw a few extra lines to turn complex shapes into simple ones. For example, drawing a line across the tapered end of a gabled roof will create a long rectangle connected to a small triangle.  Keep lining off the different parts of your roof until each section is a square, rectangle, or triangle. Breaking your diagram up into smaller sections may seem unnecessarily complicated, but it will actually make your final calculations much faster and easier (unless you want to figure out how to find the area of a trapezoid). Determining the square footage of these sections is easy. Just multiply the length and width dimensions. Make a note of the square footage of each square or rectangular section on your diagram.  If a section is 120 feet (37 m) x 100 feet (30 m), its total square footage would be 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2). Be sure to find the area of any dormers on your roof, as well. This isn’t as difficult as you might think. First, use a ruler to draw a line from the center of the longest side of the triangle (the eave) to the point (the roof’s peak). Then, multiply the length of the longest side by the length of this central line. Divide this number by 2 to get the square footage of the triangle.  The basic formula for finding the area of a triangle is ½ the base times the height (in this case, the distance between the base and the peak). If you have a roof section that's 30 feet (9.1 m) long and 12 feet (3.7 m) high, multiplying those dimensions would give you an area of 180 square feet (17 m2).  Measure and mark the square footage of each triangular section carefully, as these tend to differ in size. Punch each of the area measurements you deduced into a calculator one by one. The sum of these numbers is the overall square footage of your roof, which you can then use to work out how much material you’ll need for your project.  Together, two 750 sq ft (70 m2) rectangular planes and four 135 sq ft (12.5 m2) triangular planes would give you a total area of 2,040 square feet (190 m2). Add up the numbers a few times to ensure that the final figure you get is correct. Take your time and work carefully to prevent mistakes. Even a small miscalculation could end up costing you time or money. Roofing materials are typically packaged in “squares,” each of which is the equivalent of 100 square feet (9.3 m2) of roof space. Dividing the total area of your roof by 100 will therefore help you figure out how many squares worth of shingles to order.  For a 12,000 sq ft (1,100 m2) roof, you’ll need a minimum of 120 squares. It’s a good idea to add an extra 10% to your estimated material requirements to account for waste and ensure that you have enough shingles to cover your roof when it’s all said and done. Using the above example, that would be 132 squares.