INPUT ARTICLE: Article: The solute is the substance that you’re mixing in to form your solution. If you’re given the mass of the solute in your problem, write it down and be sure to label it with the correct units. If you need to find the mass of the solute, then weigh it on a lab scale and record the measurement. If the solute you’re using is a liquid, then you can also calculate the mass using the density formula, where density D = m/V, where m is the mass of the liquid and V is the volume. To find the mass, multiply the density of the liquid by the volume. The total volume of the solution is the amount of solvent plus the amount of solute added to it. If you’re finding the volume in a lab, mix the solution in a graduated cylinder or beaker and look at the measurement. Measure the volume from the curve at the top of the solution, or the meniscus, to get the most accurate reading. Record the volume of the solution.  If you aren’t measuring the volume yourself, you may need to convert the mass of the solute into volume using the density formula. For example, if you’re finding the concentration of 3.45 grams of salt in 2 liters of water, you would find the volume of salt using the density formula. Look up the density of salt either in a textbook or online and solve the formula for m. In this case, the density of salt is 2.16 g/mL. The formula would read 2.16 g/mL = (3.45 g)/V. Multiply each side by V to get V(2.16 g/mL) = 3.45 g. Then divide the each side by 2.16 to find the volume, or V = (3.45 g)/(2.16 g/mL) = 1.60 mL. Add the volume of the solute to the volume of your solvent, ma. So in this example, 2 L + 1.6 mL = 2,000 mL + 1.6 mL = 2,001.6 mL. You can either leave the measurement in milliliters or convert it back to liters to get 2.002 L. Write out the equation C = m/V, where m is the mass of the solute and V is the total volume of the solution. Plug in the values you found for the mass and volume, and divide them to find the concentration of your solution. Don’t forget to label to label your answer with the correct units.  In our example for the concentration of 3.45 grams of salt in 2 liters of water, your equation would be C = (3.45 g)/(2.002 L) = 1.723 g/L. Certain problems may ask for your concentration in specific units. Be sure to convert the units before putting them in your final formula.

SUMMARY: Find the mass of the solute mixed in with the solvent. Record the total volume of the solution. Divide the mass of the solute by the total volume of the solution.


INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Consistency is the key to training your Saint Bernard puppy. You should use the same words every time you give a command. This makes it clear to your puppy what you expect. Make sure you always expect the same thing for your dog and apply the same rules. Don’t allow your puppy to ignore your sit command before you put on the leash or reward them for jumping if you don’t want them to learn these behaviors. Talk to everyone in your household about the rules and make sure they understand the command words and what is expected of your puppy. Saint Bernards can be trained, but they are stubborn. They will test their boundaries and may resist training for a while. Remember, your puppy is still young and growing. They will learn, but it will take time. Keep reasonable expectations, reinforce the behaviors consistently, stay calm, and remain positive, and your puppy will learn eventually. Positive reinforcement training is one of the most effective ways to train your puppy. Positive reinforcement uses rewards to reinforce good behavior. Your puppy learns that if they perform a desired action, they will receive something good in return. Use treats, petting, verbal praise, and toys as rewards for good behavior. Ignore any undesired behaviors. Responding in any way reinforces the behavior. Turn your back and ignore the behavior until your puppy stops it. Saint Bernards will not listen or respect owners who use punishment with them. Trying to correct negative behavior with punishment is not an effective training method. Yelling or physically hurting the puppy will more than likely not change the behavior, but rather make the puppy scared of you or lead to bad behaviors. Instead, focus on positive reinforcement methods.

SUMMARY: Be consistent. Be patient. Use positive reinforcement training methods. Avoid punishment.


INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Most snails prefer warmth and humidity - about 25-30 degrees C (or 77-86 degrees F) and 80-95% humidity.  Research the breed of snail you are planning to raise to determine whether an extensive system is an option for you or not.  Also consider wind as a factor in snail growth. Wind causes snails to dry out, so you should situate your snailery in a sheltered location if possible. Fine chicken wire mesh works well, because snails don’t like to crawl on it. Concrete blocks and bricks are also a good option.  Dig the fence in at least 20 cm to prevent snails from burrowing under and escaping. It only needs to be a few inches tall if there’s no roof. If there is a roof, you’ll need to build the pen at least as tall as the potential height of the largest plants in the enclosure. A roof can offer shade and protection from the elements, but it’s an expensive option.  If you have constructed your snailery out of a material that snails can climb, a roof is necessary to keep them in.   Fine wire mesh is a good option for a roof.  You can cover it with thin cloth for added protection. If you do add a roof, you will need a way to access your snails. If you are using wire mesh, attach the roof with twists of wire so that you can loosen them and get into the pen whenever you need to. Be sure that the soil is very loose. Snails lay their eggs in the soil, so it’s important for them to be able to dig into it easily.  Avoid  very sandy soil (it doesn’t hold water well) heavy, clay-like soil highly acidic soil (it can damage their shells) Shrubs and small trees will offer food and shelter. Plants that work particularly well are sweet potatoes, pumpkins, and leafy vegetables.  You might also consider planting small trees outside of the enclosure as well.  This will help protect them from wind, sun, and rain. Let it collect rainwater, since tap water often contains chemicals such as chlorine, which isn't good for snails. Use something shallow (like a jar lid) so that your snails don’t topple in and drown. If the water starts to look particularly dirty or full of refuse, replace it.

SUMMARY:
Determine whether your climate is suitable for raising snails outdoors. Fence in an area based on how many snails you are planning to house. Decide whether you want a roof or not. Fill the enclosure with appropriate soil. Plant vegetation in the pen. Add a small container for water.