In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: When your tree is about 2 years old and 1 metre (3.3 ft) tall, with 3 or 4 strong lateral branches, you can begin the first stages of shaping. Your tree will not be bearing any fruit until it is about 3 or 4 years old, so this pruning is just to start getting it formed into a shape that will be conducive to healthy growth and fruit bearing. When your tree does start bearing fruit, it will be in the fall, so the ideal time to prune is right before it’s about to begin its new growth for the year. Try to prune your tree on a dry day so that the new cuts don’t get too wet and vulnerable to infection. Olive trees grow slowly and overall don’t need a lot of pruning. Pruning once per year is plenty. It’s important to maintain a balance between shaping your tree into a form that will be its main structure for life and allowing your tree to grow and build energy reserves. Too much pruning will stunt a young olive tree’s growth. If your tree is a few years old and still isn’t 1 metre (3.3 ft) tall with a trunk and more than 3 or 4 strong lateral branches, you can hold off on pruning for another year. The healthiest olive tree shape is that of a wide martini glass, with the trunk being the glass stem. Most branches should grow laterally and slightly up. The center of the “glass” remains light in branch density to allow light into the center of the tree. To begin achieving a martini glass shape, choose 3 or 4 strong branches that are growing mostly out and slightly up from the trunk to keep as the main structure for your tree. Leave smaller branches coming off these branches, even if they are growing down.  You can cut other small, weak, or vertical branches aside from these main 3 or 4. If your tree only has 2 strong lateral branches, you can prune others that seem very weak or too vertical, but next year you’ll want to look for another 2 strong branches to keep. Eventually you want your tree to have 4 strong lateral branches for its main structure.
Summary: Begin shaping when your tree is 1 metre (3.3 ft) tall. Prune once a year in the late spring or early summer. Avoid cutting too much on young trees. Aim for a martini glass shape. Choose 3 or 4 strong lateral branches to form your main shape.

Exercise can be beneficial for hip pain, but it is important to do exercises that are low-impact. These exercises are less likely to agitate your hips and lead to more hip pain. For example, if you are considering getting a stair machine, then it would be important to make sure that the machine has a low-impact setting, such as shorter strides and gentle steps. High resistance is more likely to agitate your hips and intensify pain. Make sure that the machine you choose has an option for low resistance. If the machine’s resistance cannot be adjusted, then it might not be a good option. Ensuring that the machine has multiple, stable hand placements is also important. This will help to make it easier to stabilize yourself on the machine, which may make the exercise easier on your hips. Check the hand placements on the machine to ensure that they are stable. Another way to determine if a machine will be good or bad for your hip pain is to check your foot placement. Machines that have poor foot placements will put extra stress on your knees, which may also agitate your hips.  To check the foot placements of an exercise machine, step onto the machine and look down at your feet. If you cannot see your toes, then the foot pedals are not well placed. For stationary bikes, you should be able to adjust the seat ensure a comfortable position.
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One-sentence summary -- Select machines that offer low-impact exercise options. Choose a machine with low resistance settings. Look for machines with multiple hand placements. Check your foot placement when you stand on the machine.

Problem: Article: One of the things that kills your defense is getting tired and dropping your hands down, which leaves you unprotected. The best way to train so that you don’t get tired as fast is to perform all of these defensive techniques while you hold light dumbbells. Your arms will build strength in the muscles that keep your hands up. You can also throw punches while you hold the dumbbells to build up strength behind your punches. Jumping rope is great for overall cardio conditioning and for increasing the dexterity of your feet. It helps you build good footwork and improve your speed in the ring. Switch up the jump rope exercises you do by jumping on both feet, then a few jumps on your left foot, and a few on your right foot.  Push yourself to get more jumps without stopping. You can also incorporate more complex moves like butt kickers, high knees, or skips into your jump rope routine. Sparring is important to implementing all of the defensive techniques you’ve learned. Don’t try to beat your opponent during sparring, but try to be effective with your defense. It’s also important to spar with as many different people as you can to get used to defending against various fighting styles.
Summary:
Hold dumbbells while you practice. Jump rope every day. Spar with an opponent and focus on defense rather than attack.