Problem: Article: Book value is defined as a company’s assets – liabilities. It can also be defined as a firm’s equity. If a company sold all of the assets and used the available cash to pay off all remaining liabilities, any cash left over would be considered equity (book value). A company has book value as a starting point. The formula then adds new (expected) earnings that the company generates over and above a required rate of return.  You’re adding “extra value” to the existing book value of the stock. If the company can grow earnings at a faster rate than required, the firm will be more valuable. If the calculation’s intrinsic value is more than the current market value, the stock is undervalued. The formula for residual value has two components.  It is the current book value of the equity plus the present value of future residual income.  For example, suppose a company will earn $1.00 per share forever, and the company also pays out all of this as dividends, $1.00 per share. The equity capital invested (book value) is $6.00 per share. Because the earnings and dividends will offset each other, the future book value of the stock will always stay at $6.00. The required rate of return on equity (or the percent cost of equity) is 10 percent. Calculate the annual residual income with the formula RIt=Et−rBt−1{\displaystyle RI_{t}=E_{t}-rB_{t-1}}, where RIt{\displaystyle RI_{t}} = residual income in future periods; r{\displaystyle r} =  required rate of return on equity, Et{\displaystyle E_{t}} = net income during period t{\displaystyle t}. If the net income is $1.00 per year, the book value is always $6.00 and the required return is 10 percent, the the annual residual income is $1.00−.10($6.00)=$1.00−$.60=$.40{\displaystyle \$1.00-.10(\$6.00)=\$1.00-\$.60=\$.40}  The present value of future residual income is RIt/r=$.40/.10=$4.00{\displaystyle RI_{t}/r=\$.40/.10=\$4.00}  The intrinsic value is the current book value plus the present value of future residual income.  The equation is $6.00+$4.00=$10.00{\displaystyle \$6.00+\$4.00=\$10.00}. The intrinsic value is $10.00
Summary: Look at book value per common share. Understand the concept of residual value. Add in residual value.

Problem: Article: Look for linking words such as “into,” “by,” and “and" to spot double definitions. These clues typically don’t use indicator words and vary a bit from the standard clue format. Instead of having a definition, wordplay, and indicator, they have two definitions whose meaning points to the same solution.  For example, consider the clue “expose tactics by removing glove.” You know that “expose tactics” is one definition and is joined to the second definition “removing glove” with the connector “by.” After reflecting on the meaning of both definitions and trying to assess what they have in common, you’ll arrive at the answer: “Show one’s hand.” Examine your clue for question marks to identify a cryptic definition clue. With cryptic definition clues, the entirety of the clue is your hint—there’s no wordplay section of the clue. In the following clue, “Hairstyle with comb in it?” you’re looking for a word that captures the entire meaning of the sentence. "Comb" is not meant literally but refers to “honeycomb.” The answer is “beehive,” which is a hairstyle and relates to the “honeycomb” reference. Spot a homophone clue by noticing indicator words that refer to sound, such as “heard,” “sounds like,” “say,” or “spoken." Homophones are two words that have different meanings but that sound alike when said aloud, such as “bow” and “beau.” Examine the wordplay for potential homophones, making sure to consider synonyms.  For example, in the clue “Location of vision we hear,” “location” is the definition, “we hear” is the indicator, and “vision” is the word that will produce the homophone. You’ll need to consider synonyms of the definition (“location”) and the wordplay target (“vision”) to produce the homophone. In this case, a synonym of “vision” is “sight,” which is a homophone of “site” (a synonym of your definition). Therefore, the clue answer is “site”!
Summary: Infer the clue's second meaning to solve double definition clues. Decipher the clue's riddle when solving a cryptic definition clue. Look for words that sound alike to solve homophone clues.

Problem: Article: Lemons have a natural calming effect which can relieve nausea and leave you feeling clean and refreshed. Try nibbling on a fresh slice of lemon, squeezing some lemon juice into hot or cold water before drinking or simply sniffing on a freshly cut lemon for some citrus-y relief. You may also find it helpful to keep a stash of lemon candies nearby at all times.  You may also find lemon-scented candles or lemon essential oils good options for surrounding yourself in a fresh, lemon scent. Other citrus fruits, such as grapefruit, orange and tangerine may also help. Ginger has been used to relieve nausea for centuries. Try drinking ginger ale (made with real ginger) or make ginger tea by adding a thin slice of fresh ginger into hot water. If that doesn't float your boat, snack on some ginger cookies or gingerbread, or grab a handful of crystallized ginger candy. Peppermint relieves feelings of nausea and reduces the stomach's gag reflex. Make a peppermint tea by adding a few fresh leaves to some boiling water and leaving to infuse for a few minutes before drinking. You can also try sucking on some peppermint candies. Brew yourself a cup of red raspberry-leaf tea. This herb is popular for a number of pregnancy problems, including morning sickness, and has been shown to relax the smooth muscles of the uterus. Add 1 to 2 teaspoons of the dried herb to a cup of hot water before drinking. However, you should check with your doctor before taking this remedy as there is some evidence that raspberry leaf can cause uterine contractions. Battle unpleasant odors by arming yourself with a small satchel stuffed with dried herbs. Lavender and thyme are particularly appealing since both have soothing and therapeutic scents. Keep the satchel near the nose and breathe in deeply when odors turn your stomach sour. A number of physicians recommend taking a supplement of this vitamin -- the usual dose is 10 to 25 milligrams three times a day -- to combat the nausea of morning sickness. Talk to your doctor before trying a supplement, however, and be sure not to exceed 75 milligrams of the vitamin each day. Adding a teaspoon of apple cider vinegar to some hot water before drinking has been known to help with nausea. Try adding a teaspoon of honey for sweetness, if desired. Having some cooling, fruit-flavored popsicles at hand can help to keep morning sickness at bay, while also helping to keep you hydrated. Chew on some anise or fennel seeds, which are known to soothe upset stomachs.
Summary:
Use lemons. Try ginger. Try peppermint. Make red raspberry-leaf tea. Use lavender and thyme. Take vitamin B6. Take cider vinegar. Eat popsicles. Chew on anise or fennel.