The dividend discount model (DDM) considers the dollar value of dividends paid to shareholders. This model also factors in a projected growth rate of the dividend. Dividends are discounted to their present value using a discount rate. If the dividend discount model values the stock at a higher price than the current market value, the stock’s price is considered to be undervalued. The DDM formula is (Dividend per share)/ (Discount rate – Dividend growth rate). A dividend is a payment of a company’s earnings to shareholders. If a company’s earnings are expected to grow, an analyst may also assume that the dividends paid to shareholders may grow. You should assume a growth rate for the DDM formula.  Say, for example, that your company has earnings for the year of $1,000,000. You decide to pay $500,000 to shareholders in the form of a dividend. If your firm had 500,000 shares of common stock outstanding, you would pay a $1 dividend on each share of stock. Assume that the company earns $2,000,000 in the following year. The firm may decide to pay a larger dollar amount as a dividend- say $1,000,000. If the number of common stock shares is still 500,000, each share of stock would receive a $2 dividend. The discount rate is the percentage rate used to discount future payments into today’s dollars. Discounting payments to the current day allows the analyst to make a “apples to apples” comparison of cash flows from different periods of time.  Remember that, for this formula, the discount rate is the rate of return required by the investor.  It should take into account the stability of the dividend payment. For example, if the dividend payment is erratic, the discount rate should be higher. Assume that you expect to receive a $100 payment in five years. Assume also that the discount rate each year will be 3%.  You can use a present value table to determine the present value factor for $100 received in 5 years, at a discount rate of 3%. The factor is .86261 (Other tables or calculators may be slightly different, due to rounding).   The present value of the payment is ($100 multiplied by .86261 = $86.26). The DDM formula is (Dividend per share)/ (Discount rate – Dividend growth rate). Dividend per share is the dollar amount of dividend paid for each share of common stock. Assume the dividend is $4 per share.  The discount rate is the investor’s required rate of return. Assume a 12% discount rate. Assume a 4% percentage rate of dividend growth each year. The DDM formula is ($4 / (12% - 4%) = $50). If the current market price of the stock is less than $50 per share, the formula indicates that the stock price is undervalued. In other words, the intrinsic value of the stock is higher than the stock’s current price.

Summary: Understand the definition. Consider the growth rate for dividends. Apply a discount rate. Input your assumptions into the DDM formula.


Say, "Alexa, start a timer for," and say the length of time you want Alexa to track. For example, if you wanted to set a 5-minute timer you would say "Alexa, set a timer for 5 minutes."    {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/79\/Set-Timers-on-Alexa-Step-2.jpg\/v4-459px-Set-Timers-on-Alexa-Step-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/79\/Set-Timers-on-Alexa-Step-2.jpg\/aid9588025-v4-728px-Set-Timers-on-Alexa-Step-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":334,"bigWidth":"728","bigHeight":"529","licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>License: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons<\/a><br>\n<\/p><p><br \/>\n<\/p><\/div>"}  You can also say, "Alexa, set timer," and she will ask you "For how long?"  You can set a timer up to 24 hours long. You can name your timer when you set it with Alexa. This can be especially helpful for situations when you need to set multiple timers and don't want to get them confused. For example, "Alexa, set an oven timer for 1 and a half hours." You can ask Alexa to tell you the status of all the active timers currently going. For example, you could say "Alexa, check my timers," or just "Alexa, timers," and Alexa will list off the remaining time on each of your timers. You can get the status of a specific timer by specifying the timer's name.  For example, if you wanted to check how much time is left of the timer named "Oven", you would ask "Alexa, how long on the oven timer?" To stop or cancel a timer, you would say "Alexa, stop timer." This will cancel and stop the current timer before it goes off. You can also say, "cancel" instead of "stop."  You can stop a specific timer by specifying its name. For example, to cancel the timer named "Oven" you would say, "Alexa, cancel the oven timer."  You cancel all the current timers by saying, "Alexa, stop all timers." When a timer goes off and starts ringing, you can silence it by saying "Alexa, stop." Saying "quiet" instead of "stop" won't stop the timer, it will only decrease the volume.

Summary: Ask Alexa to start a timer for an amount of time. Name a timer when you set it. Ask Alexa the status of your timers. Stop or cancel an active timer. Silence a timer that's gone off.


Give the fries time to cool before frying a second time. For a quick turnaround, put them on a pan in a single layer inside the freezer. Otherwise, allow them to rest in the fridge overnight in a paper-towel lined sheet. No matter the method, allow the fries to come back to room temperature before the second frying. This allows even cooking.
Summary: Allow the fries to rest.