For sources with more than 1 author, include the first listed author’s name (first name first, last name second) and a comma. Next, add the second and third authors’ names and the italicized book title. (Don’t italicize article titles; these appear in quotation marks.) Finally, type out the publication location, publisher, and date of publication in parentheses.  For example: “Robert J. Cottrol, Raymond T. Diamond, and Leland B. Ware, Brown v. Board of Education: Caste, Culture, and the Constitution (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003).” If you’re citing particular page numbers, these will go at the end of the citation. Add a comma after the parentheses, type out the page numbers, and then close the citation with a period. For Chicago style, you’ll use footnotes instead of in-text citations. These are full bibliographic citations that appear at the bottom of the page where you’ve referenced a text. Type out only the first author that’s listed on the title page. After that, add a comma and “et al.” In the bibliography, you’ll still write out all of the authors’ names. Since footnotes are full bibliographic citations, all the information you need is already there! Just invert the first and last name of the first listed author. Next, add a comma and type out the next author’s name, first name first, last name second. Separate different elements of the bibliographic entry with periods. Finally, eliminate the parentheses surrounding the publication information. For example: “Cottrol, Robert J., Raymond T. Diamond, and Leland B. Ware. Brown v. Board of Education: Caste, Culture, and the Constitution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003.” You’ll still type out the first 7 authors’ names listed on the title page. After that, replace any subsequent authors listed with “et al.”
++++++++++
One-sentence summary -- Separate 2-3 authors with commas and “and” before the last author. Replace authors’ names with “et al” in the footnote if there are 4-10. Make small changes to your footnotes for the bibliography. Replace more than 10 authors’ names with “et al” in the bibliography.


Choose a cast iron skillet that's large enough to hold 2 slices of bread comfortably, if possible. For large batches of French toast, a large griddle may be a more efficient choice than a skillet. Drop around 1 tablespoon (15 mL) of butter on the middle of the pan so that it can spread out evenly as it melts. If you use nonstick cooking spray, coat the bottom of the pan thoroughly to prevent sticking.  If  you're using a griddle, nonstick cooking spray is usually a better option. Butter will enhance the flavor more than nonstick cooking spray, but the spray can help reduce the fat content of an already heavy dish. Let the skillet or griddle heat up completely. If you're using butter, make sure it melts completely before proceeding. If you are using butter, the pan is hot enough when the butter is melted. If you're using an electric griddle, keep an eye on the temperature setting and proceed once it's fully preheated.  Frying at full temperature will burn the bread and cause the inside to stay raw. If medium-low heat seems too low, you can raise it a bit, so long as you don’t go over medium heat.
++++++++++
One-sentence summary -- Place a cast-iron pan on the burner, if you are using a stove. Add 1 tablespoon (15 mL) butter or spray the pan with nonstick spray. Set the stove to medium high heat or heat your griddle to 350 °F (177 °C). Turn the heat down to medium-low once the butter melts.


It’s best to do this once you are ready to start the dyeing process. Pour warm water into a medium-sized bowl. Sprinkle in the indigo powder. Wait for about ten to fifteen minutes. You will want to mix this until you create a textured sort of paste. You should now have a prepared indigo mixture. Spoon this on your hair using your hands. You should place indigo on all parts of your hair that you want to be darkened. You want to make sure the indigo stays warm and seeps into your hairs. Therefore, once you have covered your hair with indigo, you should put a plastic wrap or a shower cap on your head. You will want to leave your hair covered for about an hour. Using cool water, you should rinse out all of the paste that is in your hair.  Do not use shampoo for the next two to three days. It will take a couple of days for the indigo to oxidize. Once it does, then you will see the actual color it was supposed to produce.
++++++++++
One-sentence summary -- Prepare the indigo. Apply indigo to your hair. Wrap your hair. Rinse off the paste.Take the wrap off.


If your class has assigned seats, this may not be an option. But if you get to choose your seat each time you go to class, try picking one near the front. With your teacher that close to you, you might find it a little easier to pay attention. This might not be the most pleasant solution, but it can be really effective. If your class has assigned seating, ask your teacher after class about moving. Be upfront and tell them you want to move because you’re having trouble staying focused. Fidgeting and squeezing a ball might not sound very motivating right now, but give it a try! It actually helps a lot of people, because it gives them something to do with their hands while they sit in class. You can just squeeze it whenever you feel like it, or make it into a game.  For instance, you could squeeze the ball every time your Algebra teacher says “equation.” It's not the most thrilling game, but it will keep you tuned into the lecture! Some schools don't allow fidget spinners so find out your school's policy on them before bringing one in. Other great fidget devices include kneaded erasers and fidget boxes. The latter consists of a small cube, filled with buttons, switches, and scrolls. As soon as you start drifting off, make yourself do something small, like grab a new pen from your bag, do some neck rolls, or cross your other leg. These little actions may not seem like much, but they can help your brain reboot when you feel your concentration slipping. Even if the subject matter is boring, your notes don’t have to be! Try visual notetaking, which is basically drawing images and diagrams instead of writing words. Or you could take down notes in a humorous tone, like you were telling a story to your best friend rather than jotting down boring facts.  For example, say your teacher is droning on about Benjamin Franklin's exploration of electricity. Your notes could say: “So Ben got the bright idea to tie a metal key to a kite string. Then made his own son fly the kite in a thunderstorm! Poor kid was a sitting duck. He was allowed to stand in a doorway to stay dry while waiting to get zapped, so there’s that.” Taking entertaining notes may even help you remember the material better! It can be hard to pay attention in a boring class, but try to make yourself participate by asking and answering questions or joining in on group discussions. For example, challenge yourself to ask at least 3 questions or contribute 3 discussion statements per class. Not only will this help you focus on the lecture, but it may help you score a few extra participation points.
++++++++++
One-sentence summary --
Sit near the front of the class. Squeeze a stress ball or bring a fidget spinner. Change something up for a quick mental reboot. Take good (but entertaining) notes. Participate in class.