Q: The outside diameter (OD) and internal diameter (ID) of an ET tube should be marked on the side of the tube. Typical ID sizes range from 3.5 mm for small infants to 8.5 mm for adult males. In general, when referring to the size of an ET tube, you are talking about the internal diameter. This is because the internal diameter determines the amount of air that can be supplied to the person who has been intubated. Smaller ID/OD ET tubes come in shorter lengths, as they are typically used on people who have a shorter distance between their mouth and their trachea. In general, ET tubes sized 7.0-9.0 mm are long enough to insert the tube 20–25 centimetres (7.9–9.8 in) down the throat, although the overall length can vary.  There are specific length markings along the tube to allow the person inserting it to know how much of the tube is down the throat. Some doctors choose to cut the ends of ET tubes so they are a specific length for each patient. This is especially common with pediatric patients, as the lengths required can vary drastically. ET tube sizes for people over 18 years old are usually based on the sex of the patient and how tall they are. ET tube sizes 7.0 to 8.0 mm are used for females and 8.0 to 9.0 mm for males. If the person is small in stature, meaning they are around 5 feet (1.5 m) tall, the smaller size is used. If they are bigger in stature, closer to 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, the bigger size is used. Remember, the size of ET tubes refers to the internal diameter of the tube. You need to be careful when sizing an ET tube on a child. Because their bodies are so small, you need to be more exact in your measurements than with adults. With this in mind, size ET tubes based on the child's specific age:  Newborn: 2.5 - 4.0 mm Infant under 6 months: 3.5 - 4.0 mm Infant between 6 months and 1 year: 4.0 - 4.5 mm Child 1 and 2 years: 4.5 - 5.0 mm Child over 2 years: divide the child's age by 4 and add 4 mm In order to get a more individualized measurement for an ET tube, a child's body can be measured with a Broselow tape. This is a specialized tape measure that uses the child's height to assess what size equipment should be used on them, including what size ET tube to use on them. To use the Broselow tape, begin by laying it down along the length of the child. The tape itself has color blocks along its length. Determine which color block is at the point where the tape reaches the child's feet. Inside this color block will be instructions for treating that sized child. When intubating someone, it is best to have several ET tubes available at a moment's notice. This will allow you to use a different size if you cannot get the one you chose into the person's trachea. Have 2 additional ET tubes available, 1 bigger size and 1 smaller size.
A: Find the size marking on the ET tube. Check the length marking on the ET tube. Base your choice of ET tube size on sex and height in adults. Use age for picking an ET tube size for infants and children. Measure a child with a Broselow tape. Be prepared to change the size of the tube.

Article: If you are in the habit of using a face scrub to exfoliate your skin a few times per week, you may like an activated charcoal face scrub. You can use a regular face soap the rest of the week and use this scrub on the days that you regularly exfoliate. This activated charcoal scrub uses a skin-friendly essential. Depending on your needs, you should choose an appropriate skin-friendly oil. One of the following skin-friendly essential oils may be appropriate:  Carrot seed essential oil can help with cell regeneration and is great for smooth skin. Frankincense essential oil has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Geranium essential oil may help reduce acne breakouts. Lavender essential oil is relaxing and helps to regenerate skin cells. Myrrh essential oil is wonderful for aging skin. Neroli essential oil may be good for people with sensitive or oily skin. Patchouli essential oil can help people with aging skin. Rose essential oil can be good for people with dry skin. Tea tree essential oil may help people with acne. Ylang ylang essential oil may help control excessively oily skin. In your clean glass jar, pour the cane sugar and the activated charcoal. Close the lid and shake the ingredients until they look combined. Pour the olive oil into the glass jar. Using your spoon, mix the ingredients together. Finally, add three drops of the essential oil. Stir all of the ingredients together for three minutes until they look combined. Finally, seal the container until you are ready to use it.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Try an activated charcoal face scrub. Choose an essential oil for the scrub. Mix the cane sugar with the activated charcoal. Add the olive oil and the essential oil.

Q: Chew softer foods such as berries, fruit, or cooked vegetables at least 5 times so your saliva and digestive enzymes can mix with your food to aid in digestion. Focus on chewing all of the food in your mouth to help form a bolus, which is a round mass of food that makes swallowing safer and easier.  Some fruits, like watermelon, may only take 4-5 chews before it’s broken down enough to be easily digested. Avoid taking 1-2 bites and then swallowing your food or it won’t be properly digested, and you can experience gas, bloating, and intestinal discomfort. Count each of your bites as you chew tougher or crunchier foods such as cooked meat and vegetables like celery, radishes, or carrots to help break them down into more easily digestible pieces. Some foods may not need to be chewed as many times before they’re broken down enough to be swallowed easily, but aim for 30 chews. Take your time and count each of your chews to help slow yourself down and chew your food properly. Take your bites of food and chew them slowly, focusing on each chew so you can properly break the food down and mix it with digestive enzymes in your saliva. Avoid using quick, choppy bites, which won’t properly grind up your food. Eating more slowly also gives your stomach time to signal to your brain that you’re full, which will help you avoid overeating. Move harder or tougher foods such as nuts, seeds, and crunchy vegetables to the back of your mouth where your molars are so they can be properly chewed and broken up to make swallowing and digesting them easier. Avoid swallowing hard or tough pieces of food whole to reduce digestive issues. Your molars are designed to help you chew up tougher foods, so use them! As you’re chewing your food and breaking it down, use your tongue to move the pieces around your mouth so all of the food is evenly and properly chewed. Feel for pieces of food in your mouth with your tongue and move unchewed bits over to your teeth so it can be properly chewed. Be careful not to bite your tongue! Continue chewing your food until it’s liquid and there aren’t any pieces that are still crunchy or tough. When the food is evenly chewed and broken down, you can swallow it and take another bite. Some foods will require more chewing than others, so make sure your food is smooth and liquid before you swallow.
A:
Break up softer foods by chewing them 5-10 times. Start breaking down meat and crunchy vegetables by chewing them 30 times. Keep a slow and steady pace when you chew your food. Use your molars to chew tougher foods to break them up. Move food around in your mouth with your tongue. Swallow your food when there aren’t any more lumps in it.