Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Start with consumer spending. Add in investment. Insert the excess of exports over imports. Include government spending.

Answer: Consumer spending is the measure of all spending a nation's consumers make on good and services during the year. Examples of consumer spending would include the purchase of consumable goods like food and clothing, durable goods like tools and furniture, and services such as hair cuts and doctor visits. When economists calculate GDP, investment does not mean the purchase of stocks and bonds, but rather money spent by businesses to acquire goods and services to help or maintain the business. Examples of investments include materials or contracting services used when a business builds a new factory, equipment purchases and software to help a business run efficiently. Because GDP only calculates products produced domestically, imports must be subtracted out. Exports must be added in because once they leave the country, they will not be added in through consumer spending. To account for imports and exports, take the total value of exports and subtract the total value of imports. Then, add this result into the equation. If a nation's imports have a higher value than its exports, this number will be negative. If the number is negative, subtract it instead of adding it. The money a government spends on goods and services must be added to calculate GDP. Examples of government spending include payroll for public employees, spending on infrastructure and defense spending. Social security and unemployment benefits are considered transfer payments and are not included in government spending because the money is simply transferred from one person to another.


Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Pick an easy beginning project. Pick a pattern. Pick a type of glass. Purchase your glass. Gather your equipment.

Answer: If you're just starting out making stained glass you don't want to reach too far too quickly. Start with a smaller, simpler pattern that doesn't require too many parts. Beginners might consider a simple panel to affix to a window, for example. You want a project that doesn't have too many sharp edges, that doesn't have so many parts to keep track of. A simple panel for your window can be a great start! You want to find a pattern that you like and that your skill level will allow you to do. Consider things like how many glass pieces the pattern will need and how much cutting and soldering you're going to have to do. If you're just starting out, again, it's best to pick a simpler pattern.  There are lots of free patterns out there: you can get them on the internet, in books from the library, and so on. The beauty of a pattern that's already available is that you don't have to figure out how it's going to work; that work has already been done for you. Create your own pattern. You could create your pattern based on something that you saw around you, or a pattern that you saw somewhere (like in a cathedral's stained glass window) that you're trying to replicate on your own. Look for inspiration in books and in nature. Beginners should choose a pattern that is broad and simple, such as a flower (although, be mindful of the curves and the sharp edges). Sheet glass is what you'll be using for this project. It falls into two basic categories: Cathedral and Opalescent. You will also need to consider things like price, texture, color, and degree of transparency.  Stained glass comes in large sheets. The smallest sheet is approximately 1 foot (0.3 m) by 1 foot (30.48 cm by 30.48 cm) with the largest being four times that size. Buy enough glass for the size of your project, but keep in mind that about a quarter of what you buy will not be utilized after trimming. Cathedral glass tends to be a clear or transparent color. It's composed of clear glass with colorants added. This glass requires less pressure to cut through Opalescent glass incorporates white, or opal glass, into the color mix. An opalescent blue is blue glass that is not entirely transparent, for example. Opalescent glass tends to require more pressure to cut through, because the opal of the glass creates a higher density than Cathedral glass. You can combine these two types together in your project if you want an interesting mix of clear and opaque. Keep in mind that they need slightly differently handling (as evidenced by the pressure needed to cut through them). There is also streaky glass which tends to be Cathedral glass with streaks of opal mixed in. The best place to get stained glass for your project is at a stained glass supply shop. You can find both equipment for making stained glass as well as the stained glass itself. You can also get stained glass at some of the larger hobby and craft stores, but you'll get a better selection at a shop specific to stained glass.   Most of the glass you buy comes in sheets about one square foot (30 cm) and one eighth of an inch thick. The sheet can be anywhere from $6 to $20 depending on the color and the detail in the glass, the strength and brightness of the colors. It can also depend on where the glass comes from. Glass that comes from Europe is simply going to cost more. This is often called Antique glass even if it was made in modern times. You'll need to gather some specific equipment for making your stained glass project. You can find these items at most hobby or craft stores, but especially at stained glass supply shops.  Glass cutter: there are lots of different glass cutters available. The hand cutter has the best flexibility and accuracy in template cutting. The Pencil style cutter is great for beginners, as well as those doing trace cutting, because it has consistent pressure and control. The Pistol grip is great for cutting thick glass and is also a good choice for beginners whose hand strength isn't enough. Pliers: ordinary house pliers shouldn't be used for this. You'll need Grozer pliers for breaking glass and nipping off edges as well as Running pliers for snapping long cuts in the glass. Copper foil comes in a variety of widths depending on the width of your glass. This is used to hold the glass pieces together through the adhesive on the one side. If you're using Cathedral glass (clear glass) the backing will be visible so make sure you're using the right color for your piece. Soldering iron and solder: Solder is a mixture of tin and lead. The higher the tin content, the lower the melting point, which means it will flow more quickly and with a more silvery finish. As for the soldering iron you'll need one that is designed for stained glass projects with a minimum of 75 watts. The irons come with different sized tips, depending on your project. Grinder: if you don't have access to a grinder you can use a Carborundum stone to grind down the edges of your glass after cutting. If you can get a grinder the Electric Glass Grinder is great for dealing with sharp edges quickly.


Problem: Write an article based on this summary: Use a salt mouthwash. Apply essential oils. Eat raw onions.

Answer:
This will help reduce swelling and dry up or draw out any infection that might be present in the gum boil. Fill half a tumbler or glass with lukewarm water and add half a teaspoon of standard table salt. Mix until the salt is dissolved. It doesn't matter if some remains in the bottom of the glass. Use the saltwater as you would your usual mouthwash, but be careful to keep a special emphasis on the infected site when you're rinsing. Do not swallow the saltwater.  Continue washing with the salt washes once or twice a day for a week to help heal the boil. This will reduce chances of it coming back. At the same time, be sure to maintain a good dental hygiene routine. This method is recommended by oral health professionals and is clinically proven to be effective, but is not a replacement for a visit to your dentist. Applying essential oils topically to a gum boil can help reduce the levels of bacteria present and improve the overall tissue health. Combined, these factors can lead to the dissipation of a gum boil without needing to seek professional help. Simply add a few drops of the essential oil to a glass of water and rinse your mouth thoroughly.  Some good essential oils to choose are spearmint or peppermint oils. Be sure not to swallow the essential oil mixture. Remember that this is a recommended home remedy and has not been proven effective with scientific evidence. Consuming raw onions can be a very effective home remedy for treating gum boils. Onions contain relatively high levels of sulfur, which can help heat up and dry up existing boils in your mouth.  This is a home remedy and may be less effective than other solutions that have been verified by medical professionals. If you don’t like the taste of raw onions, try eating them on other things — like in salads or on sandwiches where the flavor is masked. Don’t cook the onions as this can reduce the amount of sulfur present in the vegetable.