Problem: Article: Severe abdominal pain can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as appendicitis, gallstones, or a heart attack. Go to the emergency room or call emergency services if you have very severe pain or if you experience symptoms such as: Shortness of breath Pain or tightness in your chest Sweating Pain that radiates into your arm, neck, or jaw Chest pain that gets worse when you exert yourself or are under stress
Summary: Seek emergency care if you have severe abdominal or chest pain.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Unlike the Author-Date style, the Notes-Bibliography (NB) system uses footnotes or endnotes instead of parenthetical citations. The superscript number for each note will match with the number of the corresponding note at the bottom of the page (if you're using footnotes) or the end of your work (if you're using endnotes). Typically, the number should be placed at the end of the relevant sentence or clause, outside of any punctuation.  For example: “Schmidt's daughter, Viola, was the first person to report the phenomena.”1   Footnotes and endnotes allow you to provide more complete citations than the parenthetical style used in the Author-Date system. You can also use these notes to provide additional information that you don't want to put in the main text. Both systems include a full reference list at the end, typically called a “Bibliography” in the NB system. Most word processing programs have tools to help you format footnotes and endnotes. For example, if you're using MS Word, you can insert notes into the text using the “references” tab. Once you have added the note number into your text at the point where you want a citation, place a corresponding footnote at the bottom of the page. If you're using endnotes, place the notes in order by number at the end of the work. The note itself will begin with the name(s) of the author(s). Don't invert the names (Last, First) as you would in your bibliography.  For example: 1. Viola Schmidt If there 2 to 3 authors, list them in the same order used in the publication, separated by commas. For example: 15. John Schmidt, Maureen Schmidt, and Harlan Prince For 4 or more authors, list only the name of the first author, followed by et al. For example: 27. Njord Bjorn et al. Put the title directly after the name(s) of the author(s), separated by a comma. If you're citing a book, put the title in italics. For an article or chapter title, place the title in quotation marks. All titles should be capitalized in headline style.  For example, if you are citing an article: 1. John Schmidt, “Mystery of a Talking Wombat” For a book: 17. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm  If you're citing a chapter from an edited book, place the book title and the editor's name after the chapter title. For example: 24. Bella Baylish, “An Overview of Wombat Folklore,” in The Enigma of Jules the Wombat, ed. George Finch Publication information includes the place of publication, the name of the publishing company, and the date of publication. Place all these in parentheses immediately after the title, using this format: (City: Publishing Company, Year). For example: 17. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm (London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946) If your source was published in a journal, you will need to provide additional information about the publication. After the title of the article, provide the title of the periodical in italics, followed by the volume and issue numbers (if applicable). Then, place the date in parentheses.  For example: 1. John Schmidt, “Mystery of a Talking Wombat,” Bulletin of the Illinois Society for Psychical Research 217, no. 2 (February 1935) The formatting is somewhat different for other types of periodical publications, such as an article in a newspaper or magazine. In these cases, the title of the periodical is followed by the month, day, and year of publication. For example: The Naperville Times, February 15, 1935. If you are citing a specific passage, chapter, or section of a text, include the page numbers or other location details after the publication information. Put this information outside the parentheses around the book publication information or journal publication date.  If you are citing a book or book chapter, put the page numbers or location information after a comma. For example: 17. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm (London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946), chap. 15. If you are citing a journal article, put a colon before the page numbers. For example: 1. John Schmidt, “Mystery of a Talking Wombat,” Bulletin of the Illinois Society for Psychical Research 217, no. 2 (February 1935): 275-278. Place the web address for the cited text after the page numbers in your note. If you're using an electronic journal article, use the article's DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if it has one. This is a unique identifier that also serves as a permanent URL (web address) for the article or other electronic resource. If you don't see the DOI listed somewhere near the top of the article, you can look it up here: https://search.crossref.org/  For example: 1. John Schmidt, “Mystery of a Talking Wombat,” Bulletin of the Illinois Society for Psychical Research 217, no. 2 (February 1935): 275-278, https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx. Some older or more obscure periodicals may not have DOIs. If you can't find one on the article or at crossref.org, just use the web address that you accessed to read the article. Once you've included all the information you need, close off your citation with a period. If your citation includes page numbers or a URL, the period should go after that. Otherwise, you can place the period directly after the publication information.  For example, if you are citing specific pages in a book, your full citation would look like this: 12. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm (London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946), 21-22. For a more general citation (without page numbers): 12. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm (London: Not a Real Publisher, 1946). If you cite the same source more than once, create a shortened version of the title to use after the first note. This shortened reference will consist of the last name of the author(s), a clearly identifying word or 2 from the title, and the page numbers or other location you are currently citing. For example: Baylish, “Wombat Folklore,” fig. 3.
Summary:
Place a number in superscript after the information you wish to cite. Start the note with the author's first and last name. Follow the author name(s) with the title of the source. Put publication information in parentheses after the title for book citations. Include the journal title, issue, number, and date for articles. Wrap up your note with page numbers or other location information. Add a URL if you're using an online resource. Put a period at the end of the citation. Create an abbreviation for subsequent references.