Summarize the following:
Use a cloth lightly dampened with your chosen cleanser to wipe the stained area. Drag the dampened cloth over the area gently; you do not want to scrub the leather. Be sure to wipe the entire surface of the stained area from edge to edge, seam to seam.  It’s important to clean the entire surface, since you could leave a new stain on the leather if you just clean a specific area. It’s better to dampen and clean the entire section of the leather cushion, rather than only treat the stained area. If you want to make your own cleaning solution, mix together 1 US quart (0.95 L) of hydrogen peroxide, ¼ cup (58 g) of baking soda, and 1 tablespoon (15 mL) of liquid dish soap. Gently combine these ingredients together in a bowl. Dip your cloth into the solution and wring it out. You can also use white vinegar as a natural alternative to hydrogen peroxide. Vinegar can help disinfect and deodorize the stained surface. Since the stuffing may be saturated with urine, you need to use an enzymatic cleaner to remove the urine and dispel the urine’s potent, chemical odor. Wash the stuffing as you would wash any kind of clothing by hand, in a large sink or tub. Apply the enzymatic cleanser to the stuffing and use your hands to work the cleaning solution into the urine-saturated area. Squeeze the stuffing and rinse it with clean, running water. Do this many times to be sure you completely rinse out and neutralize the urine stain and odor. Allow the stuffing to dry naturally outside. If the stuffing can dry outside in sunlight, that may help get rid of the urine smell even more. Insert the stuffing back into the leather cushion once the stuffing and cushion are both completely dry. Do your best to reposition the stuffing how it was in the cushion originally, and zip the cushion shut again. After the leather has fully dried, apply a leather conditioner to the leather surface. Apply a small amount of conditioner to a soft rag, and use the rag to wipe the entire surface of the leather. Be sure to coat all sides of the leather cushion. A leather conditioner will ensure that your leather stays soft and supple, replenishing any of the natural oils that the cleaning solution may have removed from the surface.

summary: Clean the leather surface. Wash the stuffing. Reinsert the stuffing. Condition the leather.


Summarize the following:
If you are piping the circumference of an item, such as a sleeve cuff, then you will need to join both ends. Use a steam ripper to open up the stitching on the first 2 inches (5.1 cm) of your pre-made piping. Cut the cording inside the piping by 2 inches (5.1 cm). Fold the end of the fabric in by 1 inch (2.5 cm), and press it flat with an iron. Leave the other end of the piping intact. Skip this step if you are using homemade piping, or if you just need to pipe a single, straight edge. If you have not already done so, cut out the pieces for your project. Spread the first piece down with the right side facing up. Pin the piping around the edges that you want to pipe. Make sure that the raw edge of the piping is aligned with the raw edge of the fabric. If you are piping the perimeter of an item, then leave 1 inch (2.5 cm) at each end of the piping unpinned. You should do this only if you are piping the perimeter of your project. Slip the raw end of the piping into the folded end, then secure it with sewing pins. If you need to, trim the raw end down until it fits inside the folded end. Skip this step if you are piping just a single, straight line and don't need to join both ends. You will need 3 V-shaped slits for corners, and at least 3 for curves. Curves are all different, so you may need to cut more in order to get the fabric to lay flat. Cut the slits as close to the stitching as possible, without actually cutting through it. Use a straight stitch and the longest stitch length on your sewing machine. Make sure that the thread color matches the piping; you will use it as a guide in a later step. Try to sew across the original stitching on the piping as much as possible. If you are sewing piping that is joined together, begin and finish sewing at the folded seam. Place the second piece of your fabric on top of your project, right-side-down, and secure it with pins. Turn your project so that the back is facing you and you can see the basting stitches. Sew just inside these stitches. This will help tighten the piping up. Trim the seams so that they are between 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch (0.64 to 1.27 cm). If you need to, cut more slits into any corners or curves that won't lay flat. When you are done, turn your project right-side-out.  Press the seams to either side of the piping for a nicer finish. You can go over the raw edges of the inside seams with a zigzag stitch to prevent fraying.

summary: Open up the stitching on pre-made piping, if needed. Pin the piping the the right side of your fabric. Tuck the raw end of the piping into the folded end. Cut V-shaped slits into the corners and curved edges. Baste the piping to the fabric. Pin and sew the second piece of fabric on top. Trim the seams, then turn the project right-side-out.


Summarize the following:
There are strong arguments on either side — both for and against clipping. Those who caution against it say that birds were meant to fly and we should not interfere with a parrot’s natural inclinations. Clipping the parrot's wings deprives them of this basic freedom. Consider other options first. If you are planning to show your bird, it should never be clipped. Parrots respond very well to clicker training, and you can train your parrot to return to you when called. You can also use clicker training to modify unwanted behaviors, which can help your parrot stay happy and safe. If you are not willing to do the work to train a parrot, then you may want to reconsider if getting a bird is right for you. There are some dangers to letting your bird fly free in your home. They can potentially damage their feathers, knock things over, and consume things that they should not. Many household items can be dangerous to parrots, including toilets and other standing water, lightbulbs and stoves that get hot, ceiling fans, cords to blinds, and windows and mirrors. Ask yourself why you want a bird if you don't want it to fly or don't feel that your home is a safe environment. Consider that a different pet may be more appropriate. Parrots are quick and can take advantage of any open door or window to get out. Once outside, it may be difficult to get bird back if you have not trained them. With clipped wings, the chance of escape is reduced. And if your bird does get out, it’s much easier to get them back. Bird wings should not be clipped until the bird can fly. Clipping too early can stunt the regular growth of the feathers. If you’ve never done it before, it’s advisable to have your vet do it the first time. That way you can see how it works and then decide if you want to continue to do it at home.
summary: Ask yourself whether you want to clip your bird’s wings. Train your bird. Clip the wings for safety reasons indoors. Prevent your bird from escaping. Don’t clip a baby parrot’s wings. Decide if you want a veterinarian to cut your bird’s wings.