If the problem you are working with is a word problem, first you need to write out all of the numbers involved in the calculation. If you were given the numbers written out already, you can skip this step.  For example: What is one-third of seven? When you see “of” written between two numbers in a word problem, think of it as meaning multiply. Thus, one-third of seven actually means one-third multiplied by seven. Writing out the problem gives you (1/3) x 7. When working with whole numbers, you will only multiply the number by the numerator (the top number) of the fraction. The denominator remains the same throughout the multiplication process. For example: (1/3) x 7 = 7/3. Divide the product by the denominator (the bottom number) of the fraction. At this stage, the fraction might be an improper fraction, meaning that the numerator is larger than the denominator, or it will just need to be reduced. For example: After multiplying, the fraction is 7/3. Three doesn’t divide evenly into seven so you will have a remainder. Three goes into seven twice with one leftover; therefore, the final answer is the mixed number 21/3.
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One-sentence summary -- Write out the problem. Multiply the whole number by the numerator. Divide by the denominator.


Use the style guide assigned to you by your professor to format a works cited list for your essay. This citation list is typically its own page at the end of the essay. Here you will list all the sources you used to find quotes or other relevant materials presented in your work.  Depending upon your style guide, a primary citation of a book from your list may look something like this: “Mike Wilson, A History of Cats (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 8.” Examples of common style guides include the Chicago Manual of Style, the Turabian Citation Guide, and the AMA Manual of Style. For now, don’t treat sources repeated in the list any differently from one another. Simply focus on creating a proper citation for each work. Look over your list and notice which sources repeat often. Use a highlighter to mark the first time a citation for a specific work appears in your list. If a source only appears on your list once, you don’t need to worry about using ibid, as there are no subsequent references. Look to the citation immediately after your primary citation. If it’s the same, or the same other than the page number, choose the appropriate version of ibid to use.  So if you have the citation “Mike Wilson, A History of Cats (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 8.” and the citation immediately following is the same, you can change that second citation of the Wilson book to, “Ibid.” If the citation following that primary citation of the Wilson book is to page 9 of the book instead of page 8, change the second citation to "Ibid., 9.” Look for places where citations to the same source repeat, but with other citations in between them. In these cases, you’ll create a secondary citation for the repeating instances. Depending on your chosen style guide, you'll write a secondary citation as something like the author’s name, a comma, the page number, and then a period.  Let’s say an unrelated citation appears between a primary reference to page 8 of the Wilson book and a second identical reference to the Wilson book. The second citation would become, “Wilson, 8.” Similarly, if the second citation to the Wilson book is on page 9 rather than page 8, the citation would become, “Wilson, 9.” Creating a secondary citation is the same whether there is one unrelated citation between the two or several. Look over your works cited list for places where secondary citations repeat. Change repeat secondary citations to “Ibid.” for clarity. So, for instance, your list might look like:  [Smith book primary citation] Ibid. [for Smith primary] [Wilson book primary citation] [Smith book secondary citation] Ibid. [for Smith secondary] Ibid., 23. [for Smith secondary with different page noted]
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One-sentence summary -- Consult your style guide to create a works cited list. Identify primary citations. Use “Ibid.” or “Ibid., [page number].” for immediate repeats after primary citations. Create secondary citations when sources repeat non-consecutively. Use “Ibid.” when secondary citations immediately repeat.


Greasy foods make your body primed to experience nausea. And alcohol can cause hangover symptoms that can worsen car sickness, such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and sweating. If you know you will have to ride in a car soon, stay away from high-fat meals and alcoholic beverages to avoid car sickness. Heavy meals can make it easier to experience feelings of nausea. If you are riding in a car--especially on a long trip--stick to light, healthy, low-fat, small meals that you eat more frequently. If you can find a meal that is low in fat but high in protein, that is the ideal food to prevent car sickness. For example, do not eat a hamburger on a road trip. Instead, buy a salad with grilled chicken. Do not drink a milkshake on a road trip. Instead, drink a lowfat yogurt smoothie with added protein powder. Plain, bland, flavorless snacks can help settle a turbulent stomach. Snacks such as dry toast, saltines, and pretzels can help absorb stomach acids and make a stomach feel calmer. They are also a good way to ease your hunger pangs without causing indigestion. These snacks also do not have much of an odor, which is helpful because strong food odors and flavors can exacerbate car sickness. Dehydration can exacerbate the symptoms of car sickness. Be sure that you drink plenty of water before and during a car trip in order to avoid feelings of sickness. While water is the best way to stay hydrated, a flavored beverage might help serve as a needed distraction from your feelings of dizziness or nausea: feel free to treat yourself to a soda without added caffeine, such as ginger ale or Sprite. High-protein beverages have been shown to help reduce nausea as well. Ginger has been shown to help mitigate car sickness and other forms of motion sickness. You can eat (or drink) ginger in many different forms. There are ginger lollipops, ginger lozenges, ginger teas, ginger sodas, ginger pills, candied ginger, and ginger cookies. Any of these will help settle your stomach. Just be sure that your snack is made from actual ginger--not imitation flavoring. Ask your doctor about whether ginger is safe for you to take. It is possible that ginger can interfere with certain medications. Peppermint, like ginger, is a natural remedy for nausea. Mint gums and candies also help your body produce more saliva, which can neutralize stomach acids. Moreover, these flavors can serve as welcome distractions when you can think about nothing other than your symptoms. Suck on a peppermint candy or chew some mint gum to help calm your stomach and focus on something else.
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One-sentence summary --
Avoid greasy meals and alcohol before trips. Eat frequent, light meals. Have bland, floury snacks in the car. Stay hydrated. Consume plenty of ginger. Keep a supply of mints and gum at hand.