Q: How much you use will depend on how big the piece you are trying to clean is. Most jewelry pieces will require 1 tablespoon (15 grams) of baking soda, and ½ tablespoon (7.5 milliliters) of water. Aim to get just the tips of the bristles covered. You won't need a lot of the mixture to start cleaning. The toothbrush must have soft bristles, however, or you will risk scratching your jewelry. Toothbrushes meant for babies typically have the softest bristles. Try to go with the grain, and try not to press too hard. If you go across the grain or scrub too hard, you might scratch the jewelry. Focus on the cracks and crevices, and take care to avoid any set gemstones. You can also fill a bowl with warm water, and dip the jewelry in it until the baking soda comes off. If your pieces has a lot of crevices in it, such as a brooch or a necklace chain, wrap it up in the towel and let it sit for a few minutes. The towel will soak up any excess water. Use polish that is labeled safe for stainless steel. Do not use silver polish, as it will stain your jewelry. When polishing the jewelry, make sure to go with the grain, and not across it.
A: In a small bowl, combine 2 parts baking soda and 1 part water to make a paste. Dip a soft-bristled toothbrush into the mixture. Gently scrub your jewelry with the toothbrush. Plug the sink, then rinse the jewelry using warm water. Gently pat the jewelry dry with a soft towel. Polish the jewelry, if needed, with jewelry polish or polishing cloth. Finished.

Q: If your family doctor thinks you have a restrictive lung disease, they will refer you to a respiratory (lung) specialist, also known as a pulmonologist, for further testing. The pulmonologist may conduct a helium dilution test. This inert gas dilution method uses helium to directly identify your residual lung volume. To start the test, you'll exhale normally and then be connected to a closed system containing known volumes of helium and oxygen. Once connected, you breathe in the helium and the amount exhaled is measured. The difference between the two volumes of helium is a pretty accurate estimate of your residual lung volume.  Helium is an inert, colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is non-toxic to your lungs, so there are no health concerns related to this exam. This technique may underestimate residual lung volume because it measures only the lung volume that communicates with the airways. This can be problematic for patients with severe airflow limitation. You will also need a referral to a pulmonologist to have this test done, which measures the air remaining in your conducting airways. To start the test, you'll exhale normally and then be connected to a spirometer that contains 100% oxygen. You'll then breath in deeply and exhale as strongly as you can, and the spirometer will measure the amount of exhaled nitrogen compared to the entire volume of exhaled air. The halfway point of the percentage of exhaled nitrogen allows the doctor to figure out the amount of gas you expelled, which is equal to the residual lung volume.  Recall that the air we normally breathe in is about 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen. This test forces you to breathe 100% oxygen and then measures the amount of nitrogen exhaled, a predetermined percentage of which represents residual lung volume. Like the helium dilution technique, nitrogen washout can also underestimate residual lung volume in patients with severely restricted airflow. This very accurate method for measuring residual lung volume uses a plethysmograph, which is an enclosed instrument (a small chamber you sit in) used for recording an organ’s volume change. Once inside an airtight plethysmograph — it sort of looks like a small phone booth — you'll be asked to normally exhale, then inhale against a closed mouthpiece. As your chest wall expands, the pressure within the plethysmograph rises, which is calculated. Then you'll exhale as hard as you can out through the mouthpiece. The difference in pressures represent your residual lung volume.  Body plethysmography uses Boyle's gas law (pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship when temperature is constant) to determine residual lung volume and other lung volumes. Body plethysmography is considered more accurate than gas dilution methods for calculating lung volumes, particularly if the lung is obstructed.
A: Get a referral to a medical specialist who can conduct a helium dilution test. Consider the nitrogen washout technique. Have a body plethysmography done for best accuracy.

Q: You might benefit from using a cloth or paper towel to remove  excess blood. Don't rub the stain, as this can spread the blood stain or push it deeper into your upholstery. Use a dabbing motion to try and remove as much of the blood as you can, changing the cloth/paper towel when needed. Mix 2 teaspoons of salt with 1 cup of cold water and pour the solution into a spray bottle. Hot or even warm water can set the blood stain permanently to your car upholstery, so be sure to use cool water when applying the solution to your stain. If you don't have a spray bottle, dip a clean, white cloth in the saltwater solution and blot the affected area, changing your cloth as necessary. If you are working on a large stain, start on the edges and work your way towards the center; this will keep the stain from spreading. Repeat spraying and blotting until the blood stain is gone or the cloth is not absorbing any more blood. Use a cloth dampened with cold water, rinse the remaining solution from the spot. Try not to scrub at the spot; dabbing motions will draw out the excess solution most effectively. Using a dry cloth or paper towel, dry the area by gently pressing it to the stained area. If the stain is still visible, you may have a permanent stain, but a stronger method might also solve your problem.
A:
Blot the stained area. Prepare a saltwater solution. Spray the saltwater solution on the stained area. Blot the area with a dry cloth to absorb the excess solution. Rinse your blood stain thoroughly. Dry the area.