Q: Pour through a strainer if the milk hasn't been strained since it left the animal. For small home batches, it's easiest to pasteurize milk one gallon (3.8 liters) at a time. Place the double boiler over medium–high heat. Stir frequently to help equalize the temperature and prevent scorching. Make sure the thermometer probe is not touching the sides or base of the pot, or the measurement will be off. As the milk approaches the temperature listed below, stir constantly and draw milk from the bottom of the pan to eliminate hot and cold spots. There are two ways to pasteurize milk, both of them safe and USDA-approved:  High Temperature Short Time (HTST)Faster, with less effect on taste and color.1. Bring the temperature to 161ºF (72ºC).2. Keep it at or above this temperature for 15 seconds.3. Remove from heat immediately.  Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT)Recommended for cheesemaking to avoid accidental overheating.1. Bring the temperature to 145ºF (63ºC).2. Keep the milk at or just above this temperature for 30 minutes. Restart the timer if the temperature drops below 145ºF.3. Remove from heat. The faster you cool the milk, the better it will taste. Put it in the ice bath and stir frequently to help release heat. After a few minutes, replace some of the warming water with cold water or ice. Repeat this whenever the water warms — the more often, the better. The milk is ready once it reaches 40ºF (4.4ºC). This can take as long as forty minutes in an ice bath, or twenty minutes in an ice cream machine. If the milk does not reach 40ºF (4.4ºC) within four hours, assume it has been recontaminated. Pasteurize it again and cool it more rapidly. Clean a milk container thoroughly with hot water and soap before using. For best results, sterilize a heat-safe container after cleaning by submerging it in hot water (at least 170ºF / 77ºC) for 30 to 60 seconds. Let the container air dry. Using a cloth towel can reintroduce bacteria. Pasteurization only kills 90 to 99% of bacteria in the milk. You still need to refrigerate the milk to prevent the bacteria population from growing to unsafe levels. Seal the container tightly and keep it away from light. Pasteurized milk without further treatment typically lasts 7–10 days if you pasteurize soon after milking. The milk will go bad sooner if stored above 45ºF (7ºC), if new contamination is introduced (for instance by touching it with a dirty spoon), or if the raw milk was not stored correctly before pasteurization. If you have your own animals and pasteurize a lot of milk, consider buying a dedicated milk pasteurizing machine. A machine can pasteurize larger batches and may do a better job preserving the milk's flavor. "Batch" or LTLT (low temperature long time) machines are the cheapest and simplest, but HTST (high temperature short time) machines are faster and usually have less effect on taste.  The milk still needs to cool rapidly for the pasteurization to work. Remember to transfer the milk to a cold water bath if your machine doesn't include this step. The HTST machine tends to break down (denature) fewer proteins, as long as it doesn't heat above 172ºF (77.8ºC). This gives more consistent results when the milk is used for cheese.
A: Pour the raw milk into the inner pan. Heat while stirring. Watch the temperature closely. Cool the milk rapidly in the ice bath. Clean and sanitize containers. Store in the refrigerator. Upgrade to specialized tools.

Q: Since your dog will be ingesting the oil, choose the highest quality coconut oil you can find. If possible, purchase organic oil. Avoid buying refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) coconut oil because the processing destroys nutrients. You can find high-quality coconut oil at grocery stores, pharmacies, and natural food stores. While you can give your dog 1 teaspoon (4 g) of coconut oil for every 10 pounds (4.5 kg) it weighs, you want to gradually work up to this amount. Start by feeding your dog 1/4 of this amount for a few days before you increase the amount. Feed the coconut oil directly off of the spoon or stir it into your dog's food.  If you feed your dog too much coconut oil right away, it may have diarrhea and indigestion. For example, if your dog weighs 20 pounds (9 kg), start by feeding your dog 1/2 teaspoon (2 g) of oil for a few days. Gradually work up to 2 teaspoons (8 g). Consider your dog's overall diet and ensure that it doesn't get too many essential fatty acids (omega-3s) that are found in coconut oil. If your dog takes a supplement that contains omega-3 oil, alternate days when you give your dog the supplement and coconut oil. Too much omega-3 can cause digestive problems, trouble with blood clotting, and insulin sensitivity. For example, if you give your dog an omega-3 oil three days a week, alternate with the coconut oil for the other four days. Some veterinarians are skeptical about the potential benefits of coconut oil on the dog's skin. Ask your veterinarian about giving your dog coconut oil as part of its regular diet. If your dog is overweight, the vet might recommend that you only give the oil in the short term because coconut oil contains 120 calories for every tablespoon (12 g).
A: Buy extra-virgin coconut oil. Give your dog the oil on a spoon or mixed into food. Balance the omega-3 oils in your dog's diet. Ask the veterinarian about using coconut oil in the long term.

Q: Replace your self-injurious behavior with somewhat painful but ultimately not harmful experiences. This will allow you to 'hurt yourself' without your actions actually being damaging.  For example, rather than engaging in more damaging behaviors, put an ice cube down your shirt, eat something really spicy, or take a cold shower instead.  Run an ice cube along areas you would self-harm, draw lines with red marker, or doodle on yourself like a tattoo. Create digital cuts instead of real ones. Write about all the things that are bothering you. Then fold up the paper and put it away in a drawer or box. As you do it, try to picture yourself locking up your pain inside with that paper.  This is called containment; you are symbolically trapping those thoughts and emotions to a place where they can't so easily bother you. You may be surprised at just how much it can help. There are many different strategies you can use before resorting to self-harm. One way to distract yourself from the urge to harm is to engage in harmless behaviors that alleviate the source of your distress.  Are you feeling angry or frustrated? Try doing something physical:  Flatten aluminum cans. Hit a punching bag. Break sticks.   Are you feeling depressed or unhappy? Do something that makes you feel cared for and comforted.  Light sweet-smelling incense. Listen to soothing music. Call a friend and talk. Take a hot shower.   Do you want to see blood? Draw on yourself with a red felt-tip pen or paint yourself with safe, removable paint. If you can't bring yourself to throw these objects out, put them somewhere out of your immediate reach, somewhere that you have to make an extra effort to get them. When you are hurting, impulses are strong — having to go out of your way to take action on those impulses will give you time to resist them. Try enjoying a movie, reading a book, or hanging out with friends if you feel like injuring yourself. This can also help you to cope after self-injury by getting your mind off of things. If you are thinking of injuring yourself, wait 10 minutes and see how you feel. If you still have the urge, and you feel you must self-harm, let yourself in a safe, controlled way with a phone nearby to dial 911 in the case of an emergency. If not, keep increasing the amount of time you delay, from 10 minutes to 30 minutes to an hour to 2 hours and so on.
A:
Use replacement techniques. Vent your feelings on paper. Distract yourself when you have the urge to self-injure. Throw away or hide the implements you use to hurt yourself. Do something fun and relaxing. Delay self-harm.