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The cornea is the transparent capsule on the front portion of the eye globe, through which light passes to reach the lens and pass onward to the retina. Think of it like a clear skin over the eye (that is the full thickness of the globe). The cornea is actually made up of stacks of clear cells, arranged in layers, much like bricks in a wall. An ulcer is like a burst blister on the skin of the eye or an erosion or crater sitting on the surface of the eye.  In the case of the Boston terrier, the ulcer may develop because of a problem called corneal dystrophy. This is a problem where the glue holding the cells together fails, like not enough mortar between the bricks. This allows sheets of cells to lift up and peel away. Corneal ulcers are painful. If they erode too deeply the eyeball is severely weakened and it can burst, causing the dog to lose that eye. A cataract refers to a cloudiness of the lens. The lens is the structure which focuses light on the retina. It is a transparent sack of jelly and sits just behind the colored part of the eye, the iris. It is a genetic condition that can cause a cataract to develop at as young as 12 months of age.  Juvenile cataracts can develop distressingly quickly, sometimes in as little as 24 hours. If the cataract is very dense, you see a bright white object sitting in the middle of the eye, where the black pupil normally is.  It is thought that one in 10 Boston terriers will suffer from this condition during their life.  Sudden formation of a juvenile cataract is sometimes associated with inflammation within the eye, so the eye is sore and inflamed. If the cataract is very dense it blocks the passage of light, and although the retina is healthy, the dog is blind because the light is prevented from penetrating that deep into the eye. Part of the reason that Boston terriers, and other purebred dogs, have so many eye problems is because dogs that have these problems already are being bred with each other. It increases the likelihood of these conditions if one or both parents have a genetic condition already. Fortunately, if good breeding practices are observed (for instance not breeding dogs with these conditions) the issues could be reduced greatly.  For example, there is now a genetic screening test available for juvenile cataracts. In the case of juvenile cataracts, prevention is better than a cure. If all breeding stock were screened, and only negative dogs were bred, the problem could be brought under control. When you adopt a dog from a breeder, as to see the medical records of the dog's parents. If they have had proper veterinary care and have been screened for eye problems, then the chances that your prospective dog will have eye problems are much lower.

summary: Understand what a corneal ulcer is. Learn about hereditary cataracts. Understand how breeding practices can increase or decrease the chances of eye problems.


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If you’re running out of storage on your phone or computer but you have photos you don’t want to lose, upload them to the Cloud. The Cloud is an non-local form of mass storage, which means it saves files separately from your device. Most new smartphones and PCs provide users the option of uploading files to the Cloud so that they can free up space on the device itself without losing things they want to keep.  On iPhones and iPads, the default cloud-storage service is called iCloud; devices that run Android and Other operating systems typically come equipped with Dropbox or Google Drive.  Read up on how to sync your files to the Cloud. This is an old-school and more private form of alternative file storage. Place the photos you want off of your device into an email attachment and make yourself the recipient of the email. Your photos will then remain there safe and sound in your email so that you can re-download them whenever you choose. Just make sure you have enough available storage in your email to house the attachment.  Most email programs offer storage of up to a few gigabytes, more than enough for the average person that doesn’t often exchange large files. Group lots of photos into a folder in order to send them as a single large attachment rather than numerous smaller ones. Purchase an inexpensive flash drive (also known as a “thumb drive”) and connect it to a USB port on your PC. This will give you the option of opening a folder displaying the contents of the flash drive. Drag-and-drop the photos you want to save into the flash drive folder, then disconnect it from your computer. Your photos will be saved physically on the drive, which you can reconnect to download, modify or remove.  Check to make sure the flash drive you’re using has enough memory to hold the pictures you want to hang on to. Keep up with your flash drives and other external storage devices. If they happen to get lost, so do your pictures.

summary: Sync your photos to the Cloud. Email the photos to yourself. Upload the photos to a flash drive.


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If you need someone to guarantee your apartment in Chicago, the landlord may not accept your parents in Florida. On a mortgage, your guarantor may need to be able to attend signings and other meetings. You will also need to consider what kind of assets and credit ratings your guarantor will need to possess. Ask the lender or landlord if they have a guarantor checklist. Based on the requirements of the loan or lease, make a list of people who would qualify. Common personal guarantors are parents, grandparents, in-laws, and siblings. Be realistic. If your family or close relationships do not have sufficient assets or credit rating, you may have to reconsider your plans. You will need to have as much information as possible, including the contract, the payment terms, the lender's guarantor requirements, your contingency plan, and a clear concise reason why you need his help.  Anticipate his questions. What would you want to know if a family member was asking you to be his guarantor? Regardless of your personal relationship, this is a business deal. Be prepared for him to answer "no," especially if you have a poor credit and financial history. In the long run, the personal relationship is more valuable than an apartment or credit card. This is most applicable for residential rentals and mortgages. If you are moving to a new area, especially a high cost of living area, as a condition of your job, your employer may offer guarantor services. This is a legitimate question to ask during job interviews and transfers. As rental markets tighten, particularly in urban areas, some insurance companies have started offering guarantor services. For a one-time fee (usually around one month's rent,) the company will sign on as your guarantor for a residential lease.  Commercial lease guarantors are an excellent resource for non-citizens coming to the United States for work or school. You may have considerable assets in your home country, but since suing you and your guarantor would be difficult, the landlord or mortgage company will want a domestic guarantor. If you are considering a commercial guarantor, ask for references in the form of landlords they have worked with. Contact the landlords and ask about their experiences with the guarantor. You can also check the Better Business Bureau for complaints. Check the default provisions carefully and what penalties you might face if your commercial guarantor has to pay off on your lease.
summary: Determine your guarantor requirements. Make a list of qualified potential guarantors. Arrange an in-person meeting with your potential guarantor. Research resources with your employer. Consider a commercial guarantor.