Summarize the following:
Hold a section of your hair in front of your face and look at the ends to see if you can spot any frayed edges, splits, or small white spots where your hair has split. Once your hair starts to develop split ends, the breakage will travel up the strand of hair until you cut it, so you’ll need at least a trim to fix the problem.  Other signs of damage include dryness, frizz, or a straw-like appearance. The more damage your hair has, the shorter you’ll need to cut it. Fine, straight hair tends to look flat when you wear it long. Choosing a shorter cut will add body, making your hair look fuller and healthier. A layered pixie, choppy bob, or a piecey crop are all great ways to add volume. The shorter your hair is, the more lift it will appear to have. Short hair is low-maintenance, but you have to spend at least a few minutes styling it each day. If you’re the type to rely on a ponytail or a messy bun for days on end, a short hairstyle could be more work than you’re used to.  Short cuts also require more frequent trips to the salon. You’ll need a trim every 4-6 weeks rather than the 3 months or so you can go between trims if you have longer hair. If you already style your hair every day, a short cut can save you time during your daily routine! Of course, whether to cut your hair or not is a highly personal decision, but if you’re facing hair loss, cutting your hair short can make the process easier. Whether it’s due to heredity, chemotherapy, or another condition, short hair can make your hair loss less obvious as you go through the process.   The length you choose is up to you, but a close crop is often popular for people facing hair loss. Avoid shaving your head all the way down with a razor, especially if your hair loss is due to an illness. If you cut yourself while you're shaving, you may be at an increased risk for infection.

summary: Examine the ends of your hair for split ends. Opt for a shorter cut if you have thin, limp hair. Leave enough for a ponytail if you don’t style your hair every day. Go for the big chop if you’re facing hair loss.


Summarize the following:
The most basic Punnett squares are quite simple to set up. Begin by drawing a good-sized square, then dividing that square into four even boxes. When you're done, there should be two squares in each column and two squares in each row. On a Punnett square, columns are assigned to the mother and the rows to the father, or vice versa. Write a letter next to each row and column that represents each of the mother's and father's alleles. Use capital letters for dominant alleles and lowercase for recessive alleles. This is much easier to understand with an example. For instance, let's say you want to determine the odds that a couple's child will be able to roll its tongue. We can represent this with the letters R and r — uppercase for the dominant gene and lowercase for the recessive. If both parents are heterozygous (have one copy of each allele), we would write one "R" and one "r" along the top of the grid and one "R" and one "r" along the left side of the grid. Once you've figured out the alleles that each parent is contributing, filling in your Punnett square is easy. In each square, write the two-letter gene combination given from the mother and father's alleles. In other words, take the letter from the space's column and the letter from its row and write them together inside the space.  In our example, we would fill in our squares like this: Top left square: RR  Top right square: Rr  Bottom left square: Rr  Bottom right square: rr  Notice that, traditionally, dominant alleles (capital letters) are written first. Each square of a filled-in Punnett square represents an offspring that the two parents can have. Every square (and thus every offspring) is equally likely — in other words, on a 2x2 grid, there is a 1/4 possibility for any of the four possibilities. The different combinations of alleles represented on a Punnett square are called genotypes. Though genotypes represent genetic differences, the offspring won't necessarily turn out differently for each square (see step below.)  In our example Punnett square, the genotypes that are possible for an offspring from these two parents are:  Two dominant alleles (from the two Rs)  One dominant allele and one recessive (from the R and r)  One dominant allele and one recessive (from the R and r) — notice that there are two squares with this genotype  Two recessive allele (from the two rs) An organism's phenotype is the actual physical trait that it displays based on its genotype. Just a few examples of phenotypes include eye color, hair color, and presence of sickle cell anemia — all of these are physical traits determined by genes, but none are the actual gene combinations themselves. The phenotype a potential offspring will have is determined by the characteristics of the gene. Different genes will have different rules for how they manifest as phenotypes.  In our example, let's say that the gene that allows someone to roll their tongue is dominant. This means that any offspring will be able to roll their tongue even if only one of their alleles is dominant. In this case, the phenotypes of the potential offspring are: Top left: Can roll tongue (two Rs)  Top right: Can roll tongue (one R)  Bottom left: Can roll tongue (one R)  Bottom right: Cannot roll tongue (zero Rs) One of the most common uses for Punnett squares is to determine how likely it is that offspring will have specific phenotypes. Since each square represents an equally-likely genotype outcome, you can find a phenotype's likelihood by dividing the number of squares with that phenotype by the total number of squares.  Our example Punnett square tells us that there are four possible gene combinations for any offspring from these parents. Three of these combinations make an offspring that can roll its tongue, while one does not. Thus, the probabilities for our two phenotypes are: Offspring can roll its tongue: 3/4 = 0.75 = 75%  Offspring cannot roll its tongue: 1/4 = 0.25 = 25%

summary: Make a 2x2 square grid. Use letters to represent the parent alleles for each row and column. Write the letters for each space's row and column. Determine each potential offspring's genotype. Determine each potential offspring's phenotype. Use the squares to determine the probability of different phenotypes.


Summarize the following:
For complex editing and manipulation of PDF files, you will need to purchase Adobe Acrobat. If you just want to be able to open or export existing files as PDF files, then there are free options.  Acrobat Reader, Foxit Reader, or Windows Reader App are a few free options for viewing .pdf files. You can create a document in a word processor like Word, or Google Docs and save it as .pdf file, but further manipulation of that PDF will not be possible without Acrobat. Open Adobe Acrobat and press Tools > Create PDF. This is where you start when importing files to turn into a PDF or starting a new PDF from scratch.  There are a number of import options to choose from, including importing a single or multiple files, a scanned file, a webpage, or the contents of your clipboard. Adobe limits its file support to Microsoft Office (2007 and later) or OpenOffice filetypes, as well as basic text (.txt, .rtf), image files, or other adobe products.  Selecting a file will create a PDF copy of that file in the same location on your computer as the original file. With the file now opened, press “Edit PDF” and select a highlighted box of text. You can either type out the changes you want or utilize the options in the Format section. Press “Edit PDF” and select any highlighted image. Use the options in the Objects section to manipulate the image.
summary: Determine how you will be using PDF files. Create a PDF file from an existing file. Edit text in the imported file. Edit images in the imported file.