The stoma is the hole in the neck/trachea where the tubes are inserted so the patient can breathe. The stoma should be assessed each time after suctioning for skin breakdown and signs of infection. If any symptoms of infection are present (or if anything at all seems questionable), consult a doctor immediately.  Symptoms of a stoma infection can include redness, swelling, pain, and the secretion of foul-smelling pus. If a stoma is infected and inflamed, the tracheal tubes will be more difficult to insert. If a stoma is pale or bluish, this may indicate an issue with blood flow to the tissue, and you should contact a doctor right away. Each time you remove a tracheal tube, clean and disinfect the stoma. Use an antiseptic solution such as betadine solution or something similar. The stoma should be cleaned in a circular motion (with a sterile gauze) starting at the 12 o’clock position and wiping downward to the three o’clock position. Then use a new gauze dipped in antiseptic and wipe towards the nine o’clock position. To clean the lower half of the stoma, wipe with a new gauze from the three o’clock position towards the six o’clock position. Then wipe again from the nine o’clock position moving towards the six o’clock position. The dressing around the tracheostomy should be changed at least twice a day. This helps to prevent infection at the stoma site and within the respiratory system (lungs). Changing it also helps to promote the skin's integrity. A new dressing helps to insulate the skin and absorb the secretions that might leak around the stoma.  A wet dressing should be changed immediately. This breeds bacteria and can lead to health complications. Don't forget to change the ribbons (ties) that keep the tracheal tube in place if they get soiled or wet. Make sure to hold the tracheal tube in place while changing the ribbons.

Summary: Assess the stoma. Clean the stoma with an antiseptic. Change the dressing regularly.


Launch Minecraft, and on the main screen, select “Singleplayer.” This option is found at the bottom right of the screen. ” Underneath the Name text box is a button that reads “Game Mode Survival.” Click this two times to change the text to “Game Mode Creative.” Creative mode gives the user all items needed to make a map, including enemy spawners and the ability to instantly destroy any block. Click “Create New World” in the bottom-left corner to begin the game in creative mode. Once in game, press “E” to see that the normal inventory has been replaced with a menu containing all the items you need to create a map.  Notice the 12 tabs on the top and bottom of the menu, each has a symbol representing what items can be found in that tab. The storage chest in the bottom right is the normal inventory of your character. The compass in the top right allows you to search for specific items You can now begin forming the land as you want it to look.  To add a block, open your inventory (“E” key) and select the Block tab. Click and drag the desired block type to the action bar, which is the last row in the inventory on any tab. Close the menu (“E” key again) and select the block on the action bar. You can now right-click an area on the screen to place an infinite amount of that block. Right-click on the block to remove it. After the terrain is done, you can add buildings and structures to make your map to make it unique. Check out your inventory on what you can add. The process of adding buildings and structure is the same as adding blocks to the land. You select the item from your inventory and place it in the action bar. Afterwards, right-click the area where every thing changes! Press “E” and select the Miscellaneous tab indicated by a lava bucket. This tab contains eggs for every creature that exists in the game. Equip the egg in the action bar and exit the menu. Right-clicking with the egg selected will spawn that creature in front of you. When the map is complete and ready to be shared with others, save the game, and close it.  Navigate to the “.minecraft” folder. As a shortcut, click “Edit profile” at the bottom left of the launcher and click “Open Game Dir.” This will automatically find the file location for you. Double-click the “saves” file to bring up a list of worlds that have been created. Right-click on the world  just created and select “send to compressed zipped folder.” This will compress the file so that it can be stored on a file-sharing site.

Summary: Open a single-player game. Change to game mode to “Creative. Begin the Creative mode game. Check your inventory. Shape the land. Add buildings and structure. Spawn enemies, animals, and townsfolk. Share the file with others.


Many libraries feature DVD collections of TV shows. Visit the movie section of your library to see if they have any of the classic Doctor Who box sets. This is the most inexpensive way to find the classic Doctor Who.  The library isn’t always reliable, and won’t give you the largest selection of classic episodes. Check your library’s online catalog for opportunities to request certain videos. Ask a librarian near you for more information. Look online for the cheapest deals on box sets and DVD collections of classic Doctor Who. You might have the best luck finding good prices on DVDs through Amazon or eBay. Here is a list of collections put out through BBC that feature some pivotal episodes of classic Doctor Who:  Davros box set. This is a great introductory box set that features five storylines with four different doctors. The Beginning box set. This collections features three episodes from the first doctor. Tomb of the Cybermen. Though this is a “single” storyline spanning four episodes, it is a great story featuring the second doctor. New Beginnings box set. This collection features the last two stories from the third doctor. Several television stations air classic Doctor Who. The best way to find out if one of your channels airs classic Who episodes is to check TV Guide. Stations that currently air classic Doctor Who are BBC/BBC America and Retro TV.
Summary: Rent from the library. Purchase the DVDs. Watch on TV.