Using a top down strategy means you, as a listener, calling on information you already know (about the subject you and your partner are discussing, your partner, the context of your conversation, and the specific language being used to create the conversation), in order to plan what you will say next. Using this kind of strategy allows you, as a listener, to process what you have already heard, and gauge where the conversation is headed. For example, you can show that you've been paying attention by explaining and giving a short summary of how you yourself understand the situation the speaker is explaining. Some other components of this strategy involve:  Anticipating. Paraphrasing. Differentiating fact from opinion. Interpreting tone.  Drawing conclusions. Using a bottom-up strategy means using specific lingual signifiers to draw meaning from what the speaker you're listening to is saying. These signifiers include the actual language the speaker uses to express themselves, the grammar used to create their message, and the sounds used to create the message. Some other components of this strategy include:  Picking out individual words. Noting words of similar origin. Identifying placement patterns of words. "Identifying prefixes, roots, and suffixes". Interrupting someone while they are speaking is the exact opposite of listening to what they have to say, and it sends a lot of bad messages like:  “What I have to say is more interesting and meaningful than what you have to say.” “You and your opinion is less important than me and my opinion.” “I don’t have time to hear how you think or feel.” “What you have to say isn't worth listening to.” “I'm going to do whatever I can so I get to speak, regardless if you get your turn.” Rather than interrupting the speaker to ask a question, wait for a natural break, and then ask your question. It engages the speaker to hear your thoughts and areas of confusion, shows that your interested enough to want clarification, and it follows the natural pattern of a back and forth conversation, rather than someone merely talking at you. Sometimes, the speaker mentions something that relates to ourselves, and we ask a question that leads the speaker to go off on a tangent. When you notice that you inadvertently caused your conversation partner to stray away from your original topic of conversation, get the conversation back on topic by saying something like, “I love hearing about your dog, but I want to hear more about what you were saying earlier with Kate starting high school. How is she liking it so far?” You want to insert phrases or snippets of feedback that show that you are reflective on what the speaker is saying. You could do things like:  Show your comprehension of what they're saying by using expressive reactions like an understanding head nod, or looking concerned if the speaker says something alarming. , or asking questions if they talk about a new development in their lives. Provide verbal cues of encouragement to the speaker as they talk such as asking further questions, or saying something like, "Wow that's so interesting. Tell me all about it." After some time has passed from your original conversation, it might be beneficial to send a text, email, or call and see if there have been any developments from the last time you spoke. This does not apply to all cases of conversations, but this added effort shows that you were listening intently to your original conversation, and cared enough to check in.

Summary: Use top-down listening strategies to prepare your response. Use bottom-up listening strategies to gather further information and prepare a response. Don't interrupt. Ask questions during an appropriate pause. Give the speaker consistent reactions to show you're attentive. Follow up.


Tap the YouTube app icon, which resembles a white triangle on a red background. If you aren't signed into YouTube, select your account and/or enter your email address and password to sign in before proceeding. It's a circle in the top-right corner of the screen. A pop-up menu will appear. If you want to change the name of a different channel than the one you're logged into, tap {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/1\/1e\/Android7expandmore.png","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Android7expandmore.png\/30px-Android7expandmore.png","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":460,"bigWidth":"30","bigHeight":"30","licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>I edited this screenshot of an Android icon.\n<\/p><p>License: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_use\">Fair Use<\/a><br>\n<\/p><\/div>"} to the right of your channel name in the top-left corner of the screen, then tap the name of the channel you want to edit. You'll then tap the profile icon again to re-open the menu. It may take a few seconds for your other channels to appear in the drop-down menu here. This option is at the top of the menu. It's to the right of your current channel name. Tap the "Edit" {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/0\/0c\/Android7edit.png","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Android7edit.png\/30px-Android7edit.png","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":460,"bigWidth":"30","bigHeight":"30","licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>I edited this screenshot of an Android icon.\n<\/p><p>License: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_use\">Fair Use<\/a><br>\n<\/p><\/div>"} icon to the right of your current name, then use the on-screen keyboard to change your name as needed.  Keep in mind that you can only change your channel name every 90 days. Tapping the "Edit" icon will open a pop-up window on Android. It's in the top-right corner of the screen. Doing so updates your channel name, though it may take a few minutes to display the updated channel name elsewhere. On Android, you'll tap OK at the bottom of the window.

Summary: Open YouTube. Tap your profile icon. Select a different channel if necessary. Tap My channel. Tap the "Settings" gear . Change your name. Tap .


Be careful while doing this step, because overheating the stain can make it worse. The trick is to make the mess malleable because it won’t budge while it is hardened.  If the mess is in the oven, preheat the oven at the very lowest heat setting. Stay by the oven to make sure the stain doesn’t overheat and start smoking. If the stain is on another hard surface like a table or wood floor, try using a hair dryer to warm the substance. The plastic or wax should have softened with the heat, and you can begin scraping it off with a flat, sharp edge. This will require some elbow grease, but be careful not to scratch or chip the surface you are cleaning. If you do not have a putty knife, you can use a butter knife or a razor blade. If there isn’t much of a mess left, this can be achieved with mild soap and a damp rag. In the case of more persistent stains, you may want to use a more heavy-duty surface cleaner and a rough sponge or scrubber.
Summary: Heat up the plastic or wax. Chip away at the substance with a putty knife or something similar. Clean up the area where the plastic or wax had been.