Article: Before you can begin determining the price you want, you need to figure out what you can reasonably afford. Figure out how much you're willing to spend given your current income and expenses.  If you intend to take out a loan, or make payments on the car over time, figure out reasonable month-to-month payments. Look into your current income as well as your current expenses. How much money could you afford to putting towards payments on a used car or on a loan? How much would a car cost, total, with these loan payments in mind? Weigh in other costs as well. In addition to payments on the car itself, you'll have to think about cost of registration, taxes, title, and insurance. This will tack on about $1,500 to $3,000 to the total costs. You may also want to invest in a warranty plan through the dealer, which will add some costs as well. You'll also have regular costs associated with the car, like repairs, gas, parking, oil changes, and maintenance. Once you've weighed in what you can reasonably afford, create a target price for yourself. It can help to consult online price guides. Such guides will give you a range of prices for used cars, helping you determine what a reasonable price range is for your needs. Online guides typically include the manufacturer's price for a variety of types of cars, as well as the typical selling price for the car. When looking for cars, avoid cars that are on the high end of your chosen price range. During negotiation, you may end up paying slightly higher. You can fund the purchase of a used car by selling your old car. Figure out about how much you can get for your current car before you begin looking for a new one. Not having a car to trade in will not affect your ability to get a good deal on a used car. In fact, many experts recommend that you treat the sale of your current car and purchase of a new one as separate transactions. This will help you get the most for your money.  There are many online outlets that allow you to gauge your car's value, such as Kelly's Blue Book or NADA Guides. You'll have to enter a variety of information into such sites, such as your car's year, make, and current condition. Be honest about your car's condition. The more honest you are, the more accurate of an estimate you'll receive. Keep in mind you may make more money selling your car privately, especially if it's in good conditions. However, this can take a lot of time. If you're looking to sell fast, it's a good idea to shop your car around to several dealerships in the area and take the best offer. You should also look online at car listings sites like Cars.com or eBay Motors to get a sense of what kind of offer to hope for. Make sure to look for your car's specific model, year, and features to get the closest approximation of what a good offer would be. Once you have a sense of what kind of budget is reasonable for you, figure out the type of car you want. This will help you find the right seller, and get a better sense of what you can expect to pay. Consider things like size, mileage, and safety when thinking about the car you want.  You can use websites like Kelly's Blue Book to look at a variety of types of cars. In addition to the car's build, pay attention to things like the year. Cars from a certain year may have special features that better suit your needs. You should also pay attention to marks of quality regarding your chosen car type. Assess whether or not the vehicle is in good shape by getting a vehicle history report (as described in the part of the article titled "researching the car"). This information will be helpful to you during the buying process, as you'll be able to better tell if you're getting a good deal on a car. Getting a vehicle history report is a crucial step in determining whether or not the car you want is in good condition. However, before doing that you should also give the car a visual inspection for damage or obvious signs of poor maintenance. For example, look for chipped or stained paint, cracked or over-worn tires, body damage, corroded battery leads, damage to the engine, strong odors, signs of water damage, rust, and proper engine fluid levels. Any of these can be signs of previous accidents or poor maintenance. You should also run the climate control systems in the car and give it a test drive. If you find any major flaws with the car like signs of water damage or oil leaks, move on to another vehicle. Once you have a sense of what you want, begin looking for an outlet. Look for a dealer that offers the type of car you want, at prices affordable for you.  You can use an online search tool, where you can narrow down your search by entering information like type of car and your price range. You can also browse the local yellow pages. You can visit a few dealerships, checking the typical prices for their cars. Read reviews before settling on a dealership. You want to make sure any company you work with has a good reputation. Websites like Yelp will provide a variety of reviews. Remember, one or two bad reviews among many solid reviews may be a fluke. However, an onslaught of negative reviews is probably a bad sign. . In addition to dealers, you can also purchase used cars from individuals. This method comes with a bit more risk, but is also where you can get a really great deal. Browse car listings websites, the newspaper, and look around town for used cars for sale. If you can find a car owner looking to make a quick sale, you can usually talk them down further than you could a dealer.  When purchasing from an individual, you have to be cautious. Make sure to ask for a vehicle history report that includes its accident history and maintenance. You should also take the vehicle for a test drive before buying. When paying for the new car, your best option is to use cash. This will be the most secure method for both you and the seller.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Figure out what you can afford. Create a target price. Determine your current car's trade-in value. Decide on a type of car to match your needs. Research local used car sales outlets. Buy a car from an individual
Article: A genotype is the heritable, genetic code of an individual. An individual’s genotype comes from the alleles on the two chromosomes inherited from their parent. An allele is the specific form of a gene. For example, a gene codes for hair color but one allele could code for blonde hair, while another codes for brown hair.  Every individual has two chromosomes with two alleles that make their genotype so it is represented with two letters. Capital letters indicate dominant alleles while lowercase letters represent recessive alleles.  It doesn’t matter what letter you choose to represent your gene of interest, so choose something that makes sense to you. Usually, the first letter of the dominant allele is used. For example, B represents the dominant gene for brown hair and b represents the recessive gene for blonde hair. As its name suggests a Punnett square is just a divided square. Draw your square and divide it into four smaller squares by drawing two lines (one horizontal and one vertical) through the center of the square.  Leave enough room in each box for two letters. Also, leave room at the top and left side of the square. For example, let’s say the mother has brown hair and a genotype of Bb, then you would put a B over the top left-hand square and a b over the top right-hand square.  It doesn’t matter where you put each parent’s genotype. Only one letter goes above each column. For example, if the father also has brown hair, but his genotype is BB, you would put one B to the left of the upper left-hand square, and another B to the left of the lower left-hand square.
Question: What is a summary of what this article is about?
Understand genes and genotypes. Draw a 2 x 2 grid. Label the top of the square with one parent genotype. Label the left side of the square with the other parent genotype.