Write the author (last name or organization name) and year in parentheses with a comma in between. If you pulled a direct quote from the original text, add "p." and a space before the page number if the statement is a direct quote. If the author is already mentioned in the statement, put the year in parentheses next to the name (and put the page number in parentheses at the end of the statement, if applicable). Place the citation before the final punctuation mark. If there are two or three authors in parentheses, use "&" instead of “and". You don't need to indicate that this source is in a PDF file here.  Basic example: Higher education professionals think that “education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” (Mandela, 1996, p. 35).  If your file does not have page numbers and you want to use a direct quotation, provide a paragraph number: Higher education professionals think that “education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” (Mandela, 1996, para. 18). You can also use a shortened heading in quotation marks: Higher education professionals think that “education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” (Mandela, 1996, “A few words on education”). In APA style, you must state the type of file you consulted in square brackets, such as [Data set] or [PowerPoint slides] If you are using a proprietary ebook format, such as a Kindle file, you should note this too.  The basic format is: Author’s last name, Author’s first initial. (Year of publication). ‘’Book title’’ [PDF document]. Available from web address:  Basic example: Smith, J. (2011). The fantastic novel [PDF file]. Available from http://www.books.google.com For a proprietary file, provide the e-reader version in square brackets: Smith, J. (2011). The fantastic novel [Kindle DX file]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com APA style does not use “title caps” for journal article titles. This means you only capitalize the first word of the title. Do not use quotation marks to set off titles.  The basic format is: Author's last name, Author’s first initial. (Year of publication). Title of article [PDF file]. Journal title, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Retrieved from web address:   Basic example: Doe, J. (2006). Interesting citation article [PDF file]. Online Journal of Citation Information, 4(3), 82-5. Retrieved from http://www.random-example-URL.com Note that the volume number is italicized but the issue number (in parentheses) is not! If your article includes a doi number, provide this at the end of the citation.

Summary: Insert the proper in-line APA reference. Format ebook PDFs in APA format correctly for your bibliography. Format journal article PDFs in APA format correctly for your bibliography.


Babies with low muscle tone are usually described as floppy or feeling like a "rag doll" when held. This condition is known as hypotonia. Infants usually have flexed elbows and knees, whereas those with low muscle tone have loosely extended joints.  While infants with normal tone can be lifted and held from under the armpits, babies with hypotonia typically slip from their parents' hands because their arms rise without resistance.  Hypotonia results in weaker stomach muscles. Therefore, the stomach may extend outward more than usual.  Poor muscle control of the head (head rolling to the side or forward and backward) is also a symptom. Children affected by Down Syndrome often grow slower than other children, and are therefore shorter in stature. Newborns with Down Syndrome are usually small, and a person with Down Syndrome will most likely remain short through adulthood.  A study conducted in Sweden shows that the mean birth length is 48 centimeter (18.9 in) for both males and females with Down Syndrome. In comparison, the average length for those without the disability is 51.5 cm. Also look for excess fat or skin surrounding the neck. In addition, neck instability tends to be a common issue. While neck dislocation is uncommon, it is more likely to occur in people with Down Syndrome than those without the disability. Caretakers should be aware of a lump or pain behind the ear, a stiff neck that doesn't heal quickly, or changes in the way a person walks (appearing unsteady on their feet). This includes legs, arms, fingers, and toes. Those with Down Syndrome often have shorter arms and legs, a shorter torso, and higher knees than those without it.  People with Down Syndrome often have webbed toes, which is distinguished by the fusing together of the second and third toe.  There may also be a wide space between the big toe and second toe, and a deep crease on the sole of the foot where this space is. The fifth finger (pinky) can sometimes only have 1 flexion furrow, or place where the finger bends.  Hyperflexibility is also a symptom. This is identifiable by joints that seem to easily extend beyond the normal range of motion. A child with Down Syndrome may easily "do the splits," and may be at risk of falling over as a result. Having one singular crease across the palm of the hand, and a pinky finger that curves towards the thumb are additional characteristics.

Summary: Look for low muscle tone. Look for shortened height. Look for a short and wide neck. Look for short and stocky appendages.


This will get rid of all the dead skin sitting on top of your lips that prevents the lipstick sinking in. It will also create a smooth, blank canvas for the lipstick to ensure even application.  Use a lip scrub. Many brands offer these types of product.  You can also make your own with sugar, honey, and olive or coconut oil.  Gently scrub your lips with a soft toothbrush.  Don’t go too hard, you just want to remove loose dead skin. Use a damp washcloth on your lips, moving it in soft, circular motions to lift the dead skin. This ensures that the lips are moisturized.  Applying lipstick to dry, cracked lips, especially a matte formula, can make lips look patchy and flaky.  Use a balm with waxy consistency not a slippery or oily one which will cause the lipstick to move around.  Allow some time for the lip balm to absorb before going on to the next step.  Make this the first step in your makeup routine and do the rest of your face while the balm is absorbing. Lip liner typically has a drier consistency than lipstick, so it serves as a layer for the lipstick to grip onto.  Get a sharp cupid’s bow by drawing an x in the center of your top lip. Draw around the outline of your lips.  Use the point of the lip liner pencil for this. Fill in the whole lip.  This step is important because if the top layer of lip color wears off it won't reveal a sharp line.  Use the side of the lip pencil to fill in the whole lip area. You can do this either straight from the tube or with a lip brush. Using a folded tissue, open your mouth and place it between your upper and lower lips, then press down on the tissue. This removes any excess product and keeps lipstick from transferring onto your teeth or clothing. Professional makeup artists use this trick to set the lipstick without moving any of the color.  Get a tissue and separate the layers out. Place just one thin sheet over your lips and apply loose, translucent powder with a big fluffy powder brush on top of the tissue. You can apply powder directly to the lips to set if you don't have any tissues on hand, but be aware that overdoing it could result in a dry or discolored result. Repeat the previous steps of blotting and setting with powder.  This should give your lipstick real staying power.  Finally, you can use a setting spray if you have one.
Summary: Prep your lips by gently exfoliating. Apply a hydrating lip balm. Apply lip liner as a base. Apply a thin layer of lipstick. Blot the lipstick with a tissue. Apply a light dusting of powder to set. Apply another thin layer of lipstick.