INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Latitude measures how far a point is north or south of the equator. Since the earth is round, distance from the equator is measured in angular degrees with the equator being 0 degrees and the northernmost point -- the North Pole -- being at 90 degrees. The southernmost point -- the South Pole --  is also at 90 degrees. Latitude is measured in degrees north when in the northern hemisphere and degrees south when in the southern hemisphere. Longitude measures how far a point is east or west of the prime meridian -- arbitrarily set as Greenwich, England. Since the Earth is round, distance from the prime meridian is measured in angular degrees with the prime meridian being at 0 degrees longitude.  As you move east or west, the longitude measures up to 180 degrees of the prime meridian.  180 degrees longitude is known as the international dateline.  Longitude is given as degrees east when in the eastern hemisphere and west when in the western hemisphere. Degrees are a large unit of measurement so to get an accurate location, longitude and latitude are divided to the decimal point referred to as decimal degrees. For example, you may see latitude as 35.789 degrees North. Global Position Systems (GPS) often show decimal degrees but printed maps do not. Online topographic maps express longitude and latitude decimal degrees in degrees, minutes and seconds. Each degree equals 60 minutes, while each minute equals 60 seconds. The comparison to time allows for easier subdivision. First, always assume that the top of the map is north.The numbers on the right and left side of a map refer to the latitude. The numbers on the top and bottom of the map are the longitude. Remember how to convert time in order understand a map using decimal degrees as degrees, minutes, and seconds:  15 seconds = one quarter of a minute =  0.25 minutes 30 seconds  =  half a minute = 0.5 minutes 45 seconds = three quarters of a minute = 0.75 minutes

SUMMARY: Understand latitude. Understand longitude. Know the accuracy of your readings. Understand how they appear on a map.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Smooth out any ripples or wrinkles from the shirt, and make sure that the hems are aligned. If you are using a printed T-shirt, keep the design facing up so that you can see where you are cutting. Plain T-shirts work great for rags as well as scraps for other sewing projects, such as toys. Printed T-shirts work great for bags, quilts, and patches. If you need to, use a ruler and a marker to draw a horizontal line across the front of the shirt first, then cut along the line that you drew. Set the top part containing the sleeves aside.  Alternatively, you can use a ruler and a rotary cutter to cut across the shirt. If you are using a printed T-shirt, cut the sleeves off first, then cut straight across the shirt, 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5.1 cm) above the design. Turn the shirt inside out first, then set it down on a flat surface. Smooth out any wrinkles, then cut the side seams off along the stitching. Set the 2 pieces aside when you are done.  Use fabric scissors or a rotary cutter to do this. If you want to, you can cut the bottom hem off too. Go back to the top part of the shirt that you set aside earlier; it's the part with the sleeves. Use a ruler and marker to draw the largest rectangle you can between the sleeves, bottom of the collar, and cut edge. To save more fabric, do the front of the shirt first, then the back. The collar is usually bigger in the front than in the back. Cut the sleeves off the remaining fabric first. Next, turn them inside-out, then cut the seam off. Spread the sleeves flat, and cut across the top (shoulder) edge to make them more rectangular. You can leave the bottom edge hemmed, or you can cut the hem off. You can use a rotary cutter for this. These rectangular pieces are perfect for sewing together into a quilt or blanket. Make them easier to work with by ironing fusible interfacing to the back. You can also cut the pieces up further to sew into a simple doll, teddy bear, or cat toy.
Summary: Spread the T-shirt you want to use on a flat surface. Cut across the T-shirt with fabric scissors, just below the sleeves. Turn the shirt inside-out and cut the side seams off. Use fabric scissors to cut a rectangle from the top part of the shirt. Cut the sleeves apart with fabric scissors to make rectangles. Use the scraps.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Cool water will lower the temperature of the burned area and stop the damage from progressing. Gently run cool water over the burn for at least 10 minutes.  If the movement of water flowing over the burn is too uncomfortable, you can apply a clean, cool, wet towel. Do not put ice or very cold water on the burn. The extreme temperatures may increase the damage to your tissues. If you have jewelry or other items that may restrict blood flow if the area swells, remove it immediately.  Items that may need to be removed include rings, bracelets, necklaces, anklets, or any other item that could cut off circulation during swelling. Swelling will start immediately so remove the items as soon as possible, but do so gently to avoid further irritation to the damaged tissues. The gel from aloe plants reduces pain and inflammation. It also promotes healing and helps your body repair damaged skin. Do not apply it to an open wound.  Aloe is found in many gels and moisturizers. If you have a commercially prepared aloe vera gel, apply it according to the manufacturer’s instructions. If you have an aloe plant in your house, you can obtain the gel directly from the plant. Break off a leaf and split it open lengthwise. You will see a clear, greenish goo inside. Dab it directly onto the burn and let it absorb into the skin. If you do not have aloe, you can apply another moisturizer to prevent the burn from becoming too dry as it heals. Don’t put greasy materials like butter on the wound. If you pop blisters, this creates an open wound and makes you vulnerable to an infection. If the blisters burst on their own you should:  Wash the wound with soap and clean water. Gently dab an antibiotic cream over the area. Protect the area with a nonstick bandage. Go to the doctor if you have blisters that are larger than 1/3 of an inch in diameter, even if they have not burst. Burns can be extremely painful. You may need painkillers to help you get through the day or fall asleep at night. Over-the-counter medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be effective; however, they may interfere with other medications so discuss them with your doctor before taking them. Medications with aspirin should never be given to children. If your doctor says it is ok for you, you can try:  Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) Naproxen sodium (Aleve) Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Tetanus is a disease that occurs when the tetanus bacteria infect an open wound. Your doctor will likely suggest that you get a tetanus shot if:  The burn caused a deep wound or it is dirty. You haven’t had a tetanus shot in the past five years. You don’t know when your last tetanus shot was. Your skin provides you with a barrier against pathogens in the environment. A burn makes you vulnerable to infection. If you develop any of the following symptoms, go to the emergency room right away to have it checked by a doctor:  Pus or fluid seeping from the wound Swelling, redness, or pain that increases over time Fever Red streaks spreading from the burn site

SUMMARY:
Soothe the burn with cold water. Take off jewelry that is on the affected area. Apply aloe on the burns that are not open wounds. Don’t pop blisters. Combat pain with over-the-counter medications. Check to see if your tetanus shot is up to date. Monitor the burn for signs of infections.