Lay a damp cloth on the dough to prevent it from drying out. Leave the dough at room temperature for 20 to 30 minutes so the gluten in the dough relaxes. You could also use an overturned bowl to cover the dough. Set an ungreased or nonstick skillet on the stove and turn the burner to medium. If you have a tawa, an Indian skillet, use this instead. Let the skillet or tawa heat while you begin rolling out the roti. Pull off the dough to make 12 equal portions. Then, roll a piece in between the palms of your hands to make a smooth ball. Set the balls on your work surface and lay the damp cloth over them. If you prefer, cut the dough into 12 equal pieces. Slowly lower 1 of the rolled pieces of dough into the hot, ungreased skillet. Let the roti cook for 1 minute so it begins to puff up in the center. Transfer the cooked roti to a serving plate and spread some melted butter or ghee across the top. Stack the cooked roti on each other and lay a clean dry towel over them to keep them warm. Store the leftover roti in an airtight container at room temperature for up to 2 days.

Summary: Cover the dough and let it rest at room temperature for 20 to 30 minutes. Heat a skillet or tawa over medium heat. Divide the dough into 12 pieces and roll each piece into a ball. Place 1 circle in the skillet and cook it for 1 minute. Brush the roti with melted butter or ghee.


The formula for the discounted cash flow method is: PV=CF1/(1+k)+CF2/(1+k)2{\displaystyle PV=CF_{1}/(1+k)+CF_{2}/(1+k)^{2}}…[TCF/(k−g)]/(1+k)n−1{\displaystyle [TCF/(k-g)]/(1+k)^{n-1}}.   PV{\displaystyle PV} = present value  CFi{\displaystyle CF_{i}} = cash flow in year i  k{\displaystyle k} = discount rate  TCF{\displaystyle TCF} = terminal year cash flow  g{\displaystyle g} = growth rate assumption in perpetuity beyond terminal year  n{\displaystyle n} = the number of years in the period including the terminal year. To understand the formula, you need to understand free cash flow, capital expenditures and weighted average cost of capital. Free cash flow is defined as operating cash flow less capital expenditures. Operating cash flow is the cash inflows and outflows from your day-to-day business. That includes buying inventory, making payroll and collecting cash from customers.  A capital expenditure represents your spending on fixed assets, such as machinery and equipment. Think about the assets you will use in your business over a period of years. Successful companies are able to generate most of their cash from operations. If you manufacture and sell denim jeans, for example, selling jeans should be your primary sources of cash. If you have free cash flow, you have the flexibility to spend cash on areas that can grow your sales and earnings. If a competitor’s business was up for sale, for example, a firm could use their free cash flow to buy the operation and expand the company. Capital represents money you raise to run your business. If you issue stock to investors, they will expect some rate of return on their equity investment. Bond investors want an interest rate paid on their bond investment.  Issuing bonds (debt) and stock (equity) comes with a cost. We refer to that cost as the cost of capital. If the profit you expect to generate on a project is more than the cost of capital, it makes financial sense to raise capital for a project. The discounted cash flow method uses WACC in the formula. Consider the valuation of Sun Microsystems in 2012.  It was traded at $3.25.  But the long-term growth rate was estimated to be 13 percent.  This means the stock was valued at $5.50, making the $3.25 price a very good deal. Changes in the growth rate and interest rates have a huge impact on valuation.

Summary: Learn the formula. Consider free cash flow. Go over weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Plug in assumptions to the discounted cash flow (DCF) formula.


Before you can spool the line, remove the top part of the reel. Twist is counterclockwise until it’s loose enough to pull off the reel. Some beginner-friendly models have a button you can press to pop off this cap. Unwind any old line left over by spinning the handle. Close-faced and Spincast are different names for the same reel. You’ll know you have one if it has this cover you need to unscrew to reach the reel’s spool. Look for the small rings hanging off the bottom of the rod. Starting at the rod’s tip, run the new line through the holes towards the reel. Pick up the cap and run the line through the hole in the top. If you don’t do this now, you won’t be able to get the cap on later when you need it. Don’t attach the cap to the rest of the reel yet. Like with the other types of rods, the rod’s spool will have a small hollow in the middle where the line rests. Wrap it around this hollow twice so that you’ll have enough to line to tie in place. Always make sure the line goes on the same way the reel rotates. If it rotates clockwise, the line should be wrapped around it counterclockwise. The direction of the rotation depends on the fishing pole. Knot it against the reel so the line doesn’t come undone. You can do this with a slip knot, clinch knot, or arbor knot. Make sure the line is securely tied and tight before you move on. Use your free hand to apply a light amount of pressure on the line as you spool it onto the reel. This will keep the line tense, preventing it from tangling. Hold the line taut between your thumb and index finger, applying a little bit of pressure to keep the line straight. Turn the handle in the same direction you loaded the line, which should have been the same direction the reel normally rotates to unspool the line. For example, if you spooled the line counterclockwise, crank the handle counterclockwise. Load the line, but don’t fill the reel completely. The line should be about 1⁄8 inch (0.32 cm) below the spool's rim. The line should hang from the rest of the rod with no slack. Adding too much can make the line come undone, so you’ll have to spool it all over again. Grab the reel’s cover, which should have already been threaded with the new line. Twist it clockwise onto the reel to secure it in place. If you left the cover off, unwind all of the thread. You’ll need a lot of space for this, so try walking around and hanging the line on fences or other objects so it stays untangled. Then spool the line through the cover and onto the reel. Go back to the tip of the rod. Get a pair of scissors and snip the line beyond the tip’s end. Avoid clipping the line that’s hanging from the line guides under the rod.
Summary: Unscrew the face of the reel. Insert the line through line guides at the rod’s tip. Push the line into the hole on the reel’s cap. Wind the line around the spool in the same direction the reel turns. Tie the end of the line into a knot. Pinch the line between your thumb and index finger. Crank the handle to load the line. Spool the line until the reel is almost full. Put the cover back on the reel. Cut the fishing line off the spool.