Unlike the reading stage, you should start reading some more serious works. Look at books in the library. Check databases for more specific articles. Don’t just Google the topic, or search for it in Wikipedia.  Most major libraries have databases you can use. You will need a library card to access them; some even require that you be in the library to use them. However, databases like EBSCOhost have many smaller databases that you can search; which ones are included depends on what your library pays for. Research libraries will often include databases on every topic, from business to humanities to psychology. In the advanced search, you can choose which ones you search, so pick one relevant to your topic. You will get academic articles in return for your search. Be sure to try different sets of keywords; you never know which set will bring up the results you want. When you take notes, you can begin to see where different authors reference each other and where different ideas come together. Pick one of those intersections as your topic. Continue to research it until you can develop it into a paper. If you’re in high school or an undergraduate, your topic doesn't necessarily need to be original, as your professors will mainly be wanting to see if you can develop a theme throughout the paper. However, in graduate school, your topic should be more original.  It should be something that hasn't been covered a hundred times by someone else, so be careful when picking out your research topic. You should get an idea of what has already been covered as you research to help you choose something original. For instance, there’s likely been a good number of articles written on B.F. Skinner’s behavioral psychology, but your idea can be different in how you apply it. Maybe you want to apply it to a piece of literature or maybe you want to look at it in relation to current pop culture. The application of it can be original. Also, make sure your topic is something you enjoy, as you’re going to be spending some time working on it. You don’t want to be researching a topic you hate, as that dislike and disinterest will show up in your essay. For more information on writing a good research paper, see this article. Also see Start a Research Paper.

Summary: Begin researching the main ideas on your bubble map. Get an idea of the research in the field. Use keywords to find articles related to your topic. Take notes and use them to choose your topic. Try to look at your chosen topic in an original way. Choose a topic that you enjoy.


The aim of desensitization is to expose your dog to the thing he fears, but in a less intense way. Doing so helps to ensure that he does not become too anxious. As he is exposes to his fears, you will reward him for being calm in the presence of the trigger, and over time, you will keep bringing the trigger a little closer. Desensitization take many sessions, often with the trigger only moving one step closer each session. That is why desensitization training takes so much time and patience. The “come away” command teaches your dog to leave one situation and come over to you. You may need to use this command to distract your dog from a perceived threat, such as a stranger or another dog. This command also makes use of a dog's natural instinct to return to his mother (in this case you) in times of stress.  To teach "come away", take your dog into your yard or a place without distractions. Keep your dog on a long line if the yard is not fenced in. Let him explore the yard and then give him the command "come away" and call his name. As he moves towards you, take a step or two away but encourage him to come closer. Once he reaches you, reward him with a treat. Keep practicing this command in the yard. You want to reach the stage where you call his name and say “come away” and he comes running. To expose your dog to his trigger, make sure that you have control of your dog and then bring the trigger within your dog’s line of sight. For example, if your dog is triggered by unfamiliar men, then have a male friend stand at the edge of your yard. He should be far enough away so that your dog will notice him but not react. After your dog has noticed the man, call him with “come away” and reward him. Keep praising your dog and have the man move a step closer. Let the dog explore again (on the long line) and when he notices the man call him back again with “come away”. Expose your dog to the trigger for around 10 -15 minutes and try to end on a positive note. Do not try to push the session past 15 minutes or your dog may become fearful. If your dog becomes anxious, aggressive, or otherwise agitated, get him back under control with a “Sit.” Then, reward him for sitting and end the session. Remember that you will need to bring the trigger to your dog’s aggression closer and closer over time. But it is important to do so little by little. For example, if you started with a man standing at the edge of your yard in your first session, have him begin by standing one step closer in the next session. Do not try to go too fast in these sessions or your dog’s aggressive behavior may become worse.

Summary: Understand the purpose of desensitization. Teach your dog the “Come Away” command. Expose your dog to his trigger in a safe, controlled way. Use the “come away” command to get your dog’s attention. Keep the session short and end on a positive note. Take it slow.


Use a cleanser with some warm water and a soft washcloth to cleanse your face. Gently massage the cleanser into your skin to remove makeup, dirt, and impurities.  Rinse well with warm water, then splash some cold water on your face when you finish. Then, blot your face dry with a clean towel. Pour some toner on the pad until it feels damp but not overly soaked. You could also use a cotton ball for this step if it’s all you have on hand. However, cotton pads will soak up less product than cotton balls, which will help conserve your toner. Use the cotton pad to gently wipe the product over your face, neck, and décolletage. Avoid the eye area and be careful not to get product on your lips. Pay particular attention to crevasses and difficult-to-reach areas including the brows, sides of the nose, near the ears, and hairline. The toner will help remove the impurities that the cleanser couldn’t reach, as well as any cleanser residue or salt, chlorine, or chemicals found in tap water. Because a spray application can only dilute impurities, not remove them, you should always use a wiping toner first. However, if you like the refreshing feeling of a misted toner, you can make it an additional toning step after using a wipe toner. Since most toners are water-based, they absorb into the skin fairly quickly. Make sure to let the toner sink in completely before applying other products--this will help your skin retain moisture and protect against impurities. If you use any acne treatments, such as benzoyl peroxide, or additional moisturizers, make sure to apply those to your face after toning. Using the toner beforehand will cleanse the skin fully and allow the acne and moisturizer products to sink more deeply into the skin. Generally, you should apply toner once in the morning and once at night. In the morning, the toner will help remove any sebum produced during the night and balance your skin’s pH. At night, the toner will help complete your cleansing routine by removing any dust, makeup, or impurities that the cleanser missed, as well as any oily residue left over from your cleanser. If your skin is especially dry, you may want to start by using toner only once a day at night. Excessive use of toner may dry your skin out more. If you find your skin getting particularly dry, consider investing in a formula for dry skin to minimize dehydration.
Summary: Wash your face first. Put toner on a cotton pad. Lightly spread the toner over your face and neck. Mist or spritz a second toner product for extra moisture. Wait a minute for the toner to dry. Finish by applying any treatment products and moisturizer. Use toner twice daily.