Lay the paper down so that the 7 inch (17.8 cm) side is vertical and the 5 inch (12.7 cm) side is horizontal. If the paper is two colors, start with the robe color facing up. You can use any color paper that want, but remember that Yoda is green. If you would like a green Yoda, use green origami paper.

Summary: Start with a 7x5 inch piece of origami paper.


Normal force refers to the amount of force use to counteract the force of gravity. Imagine a block sitting on a table. The force of gravity pulls the block toward the Earth, but clearly, there is some force at work preventing the block from crashing through the table and finishing its descent toward the ground. The force responsible for stopping the block in spite of gravitational force is the normal force. When calculating an object's normal force when that object is at rest on a flat surface, use the formula: N = m * g  In this equation, N refers to the normal force, m refers to the object's mass, and g refers to the acceleration of gravity. For an object sitting on a flat surface, with no outside forces at work, the normal force is equal to the object's weight. In order to keep the object still, the normal force must be equal to the force of gravity at work on the object. The force of gravity at work on the object is that object's weight, or its mass multiplied by the acceleration of gravity.  Example: Find the normal force of a block with a mass of 4.2 kg. Doing so will give you the weight of the object, which ultimately equals the normal force of the object as it sits at rest.  Note that the gravitational acceleration at the Earth's surface is a constant: g = 9.8 m/s2   Example: weight = m * g = 4.2 * 9.8 = 41.16 The previous step should complete the problem, giving you your answer.  Example: The normal force is 41.16 N.

Summary: Understand what normal force refers to. Know the equation for normal force of an object at rest. Multiply the object's mass and the acceleration of gravity. Write down your answer.


Identify the text/images that you want to cut or paste. If you plan to cut and paste text from elsewhere into an email, make sure to open up a draft into which you can paste the text. If you are cutting and pasting within a single email to rearrange the wording, make sure that you open that email.  When you cut text, you don't need to worry about pasting it immediately. Your computer automatically saves the most recent thing that you cut or copied to a temporary "clipboard". You will still be able to paste that swatch of text until you restart your computer or cut/copy something else. If you have Microsoft Word open when you cut and copy, your clipboard can hold multiple swatches of text at once. Before you cut or paste anything, examine both the words you want to cut and the space where you want to paste them. Read the email for flow, and ask yourself where this text will best fit. If you are pasting the text of another email into a text-heavy message, for instance, you probably don't want to drop it at the top of the email with no introduction, and you probably don't want to leave it in the middle of a sentence. Think about where this new text will be most effective, and consider which words/tenses you will need to edit in order to make the pasted words flow well within the existing document. To highlight text: left-click at the beginning of the section of text that you want to select, then hold and drag the cursor to the end of the section. Dragging the cursor should highlight the text with a blue background. Release the cursor when you have highlighted all of the text that you want to select. If you want to copy the whole message, press Ctrl+A on a PC keyboard, or ⌘ Command+A on a Mac.

Summary: Open your email client. Decide where you want to paste the text. Highlight the text you want to cut.


In a small bowl, combine 2 tablespoons (20 g) of cream of tartar with enough water to make a thick paste. Stir them together to completely incorporate the two ingredients. To make larger quantities, add more cream of tartar and water and mix it into a paste.  Cream of tartar, otherwise known as potassium bitartrate, is an acidic by-product of winemaking that can be used to clean and scrub metal, ceramic, stone, and other surfaces.  This paste is good for scrubbing soot and fireplace buildup from brick. In a small bowl, combine 2 ounces (59 ml) of liquid dish soap and 2 ounces (57 g) of salt. Mix them together to make a paste. Add just enough water to make the mixture creamy and spreadable. The cleaner should have the consistency of paint or pancake batter.  To make larger quantities, mix equal parts soap and salt, by weight, in a larger container. Add enough water to make the mixture spreadable. In this cleaner, the salt will act as an abrasive, and the soap will wash dirt and grease from the bricks. In a small bucket, combine 2 tablespoons (30 ml) of liquid dish soap, 1 tablespoon (15 ml) of ammonia, and 1 tablespoon (9.5 g) of pumice powder. Add hot water in small increments, until you can stir the mixture into a loose paste.  Pumice powder is a mild abrasive that can be purchased in art stores, craft shops, and beauty supply stores. Never mix ammonia with bleach or other cleaners. Use a cheese grater to grate a bar of Fels-Naptha soap into a medium bucket. Add 12 cups (2.8 L) of boiling water and stir the mixture until the soap is dissolved. Set the mixture aside to cool for at least an hour. Add 1 cup (235 ml) of ammonia and 1 pound (454 g) of pumice powder to the bucket. Stir the mixture to fully combine all the ingredients.  Fels-Naptha soap is a powerful laundry soap that’s often used to pretreat stains. This is a heavy-duty cleaner that will kill mold, and scrub soot and buildup from brick. In a large bucket, combine 2 tablespoons (30 ml) oxygen bleach with 4 cups (940 ml) of water. Stir the mixture for a few minutes to dissolve the oxygen bleach in the water.  Oxygen bleach is different from chlorine bleach, and it’s not as corrosive or damaging. This cleaner is good if you need to remove mold or mildew from brick, because the oxygen bleach will kill the mold.
Summary: Combine cream of tartar and water to make a cleaning paste. Make a soap and salt paste. Mix ammonia with soap and pumice. Try a naphtha soap and ammonia solution. Combine oxygen bleach powder with water.