INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Pull open the box. Inside, you will find a bunch of individually-wrapped patches. Tear open 1 of these pouches or snip it open with a pair of scissors. To avoid damaging the patch, open the pouches from the ends. Some pouches may have a dotted line on 1 end. Follow the line to avoid damaging the patch. Slide the patch out of the wrapper. Look for a silver or clear-colored coating on 1 side of the patch. It has a line down the middle dividing it, similar to the strip on a sticky bandage. Hold the patch’s sides and use the dividing line in the middle to peel off both halves of the protective coating. Avoid touching the sticky part of the patch, which is under the protective strip, as much as possible. Read the instructions on the box for more information on placing the patch properly. It’s meant to go on your upper arm or chest. The area has to be smooth and hairless for the patch to stick in place and work as designed.  If you are hairy, shave off hair as needed to place the patch. To ensure the patch sticks, try to find the smoothest, driest, and most hairless spot possible, such as the inside of your upper arm. Avoid placing the patch in any spots that are oily, irritated, burned, or broken out. Also avoid placing it on a tattoo, since it’s uncertain how this affects the patch. Rest the patch on the heel of your palm with the adhesive side up. Press it to the area of skin you selected and count to 10 as you hold it in place. It’s super sticky, so it shouldn’t come off after this. Make sure the edges of the patch are firmly against your skin. You can use your fingers to lightly press down any spots that feel loose. Find the backing halves you removed earlier and slip them into the patch’s pouch. Save the pouch by slipping it back into the box. It's useful for disposing of the patch later. Some boxes include a disposal tray to hold used pouches. Always keep the patches and wrappings out of the reach of children and pets. Touching the patch leaves nicotine on your hands. Take precaution by washing your hands immediately after handling a patch. Otherwise, you could end up touching and irritating your eyes and nose.

SUMMARY: Remove the patch from the packaging. Peel the protective strip off the patch. Select a smooth area of skin on your arm or chest. Press the patch in place for 10 seconds. Put the protective strip back in the pouch. Wash your hands with soap and water.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Place about 1 Tablespoon (14.7 ml) of dish soap into a shallow pan about with 1 quart (946 ml) of hot water. Be aware that the ink from the erasers may stain the pan. Place the erasers into the pan of hot water and leave them to soak for 20 minutes (or more). Then rinse them under running water until all ink is removed and the water runs clear. In order for you to be able to use the dry erasers, they must be completely dry. The best way to effectively dry them out after washing is to set them in direct sunlight for 1-2 hours.
Summary: Fill a pan with soapy water. Soak the erasers. Set the erasers in the sun.

If you prefer other abdominal exercises like crunches, that’s okay too. Good riding is abdominal riding. This means that you need to really use your abdominal muscles to balance yourself, while clinching the horse with the legs when needed.  Doing sit-ups with a work-out ball is up to 20% more effective. Even if you don't practice yoga regularly, holding a few key positions, like the boat, half-boat, or warrior, for a few seconds a day can improve your fitness.   As an added bonus, doing these moves correctly can also strengthen your back and improve your posture! These also help open up the shoulders, which is good for people  who do a lot of slouching. It is easy to become complacent about posture when sitting at a computer or watching TV, but these are some of the best times to work out your back and shoulder muscles by simply sitting up straight and opening your chest. Riding is an aerobic activity, so the longer you are able to maintain your poster, the better equipped you will be for riding. This is a good exercise for the back and core, and it doesn't require as much coordination as yoga. Lie with your back on the floor and your knees flexed. Now lift your knees towards your head instead of the other way around. Repeat as many times as you would do a normal sit up. This move is better for your abs and doesn't shorten your hip flexors. It's important that those are loose for riding. This is often considered yoga move and it is great for your core muscles. Put yourself into the push-up position but instead of leaning on your hands, lean on your forearms. Push yourself up so that only the balls of your feet and your forearms are touching the floor. Contract your deep core muscles and keep your back flat, making sure to not let your lower back arch or your hips droop toward the floor.  Hold for about 45 secs and repeat a few times a day. (If you can't do an elbow plank without your lower back hurting, start with an easier version, which is just holding the upper position of a push-up.) Try the plank on horseback in the jockey position, and grab the neck for comfort to the horse and the rider. This will gain the forearm to help you stay balanced on the horse for 20 secs. This is also good for people who are into show jumping and approaching a jump.
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One-sentence summary -- Spend five minutes two or three times a day doing sit ups. Try using yoga poses. Practice good posture. Do reverse sit-ups. Try the plank position.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: A topographer is a newer version of the keratometer. Your doctor will have you sit at a table and look into a bowl. This bowl's inner surface is covered in a pattern of concentric rings. A digital camera sits at the base of the bowl and charts the cornea's surface by measuring the reflected pattern in the eye. This basically creates a contour map of your eye, and it’s an excellent technique for measuring irregular astigmatism.  Most corneal topography tests measure 8,000 to 10,000 points on the cornea, making it the most accurate keratometry test. Other advanced ways of measuring astigmatism include autorefractors that measure refraction, and the IOLMaster that makes extensive measurements of the interior and exterior of the eye. The IOLMaster is usually used before cataract surgery. The Placido disc is an old-fashioned, hand-held device that is shaped like a giant lollipop. The disc has several sets of concentric circles painted on one side, and is used to measure the regularity of your cornea’s surface. Your doctor holds the disc up to their own eye with the rings pointed towards you, and they look into your eye. Sit still and look straight ahead. The image of your cornea reflects back, and where there is irregular shape it makes the concentric rings look distorted to your doctor. This old-fashioned method can help to diagnose keratoconus, a disorder that causes irregular astigmatism due to thinning and protruding of the cornea. The shape of your posterior cornea (the back surface of the cornea) can influence the severity of your astigmatism. Keratometry can only measure the front of your cornea, but Scheimpflug imaging uses tomography to get more accurate readings of how thick your cornea is and what the back of it looks like. This method can be helpful in predicting how successful surgery may be in correcting your astigmatism.

SUMMARY:
Use a corneal topographer for more precise measurements. Try a Placido disc for irregular astigmatism. Use a Scheimpflug device to measure the posterior cornea.