INPUT ARTICLE: Article: If you are calling Scotland from any country other than Scotland, then you will need to enter a nation-specific "exit code" before you dial the Scottish number. The two most common exit codes are 00 and 011. Run a web search for "[your country] exit code" to find the proper digits. The exit code is also known as the international access code or IDD (International Direct Dialing) code. You will need it to dial out of your country, regardless of which other country you are calling.  011 is the exit code for the United States, Canada, and some Caribbean island countries: e.g. the Bahamas, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. 00 is the exit code for most nations in Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America. 0011 is the exit code for Australia. Some countries have unique exit codes. The Russian Federation, for instance, is 8 (pause) 10. The exit code for calling from Brazil depends upon which telecom company you are using. This is the country code for the United Kingdom. Scotland is a part of the United Kingdom, which also includes England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Thus, you can use the same country code to call any of these countries. Find the local code for the city or region that you are trying to call. Most codes comprise 2-5 digits. Learn the codes for major cities:  1224 for Aberdeen 1382 for Dundee 131 for Edinburgh 141 for Glasgow This may range from 5 to 7 digits. The local area code combined with the telephone number usually totals 10 digits, although numbers from some areas may total up to 9 digits. If you don't know the person's telephone number, try looking them up on the British Telecom Directory. Your string of digits should include, in this order: the exit code for the country you're calling from, 44, the local area code, and the local telephone number. The total string may range from 12 to 17 digits, depending on where you are calling from and where you are calling to.  To call Glasgow, Scotland from the US: 011 – 44 – 141 – xxx – xxxx. To call Langholm, Scotland from the US: 011 – 44 – 13873 – xxxxx.

SUMMARY: Dial the appropriate exit code. Dial 44 after the exit code. Dial the relevant area code or city code. Dial the local telephone number. Add all of the codes together.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: You can use your Mac's arrow keys and the ⏎ Return key to move the cursor's selection around the currently open window, but you can also use the following shortcuts to perform a few more complex tasks:   ⌘ Command+Q — Quit an app (or currently open window).  ⌘ Command+Space — Open the Spotlight search bar in the middle of the screen.  ⌘ Command+Tab ↹ — Switch to the next window.  ⌘ Command+N — Opens a new Finder window if you're on the desktop.  Alt+F2, then ⌘ Command+L — Opens System Preferences.  Ctrl+F2 — Select the Apple Menu (pressing ⏎ Return will open it). Depending on your Mac model, use one of the following keyboard shortcuts to do this:   MacBook with Touch Bar — Quickly tap the Touch ID button three times.  MacBook without Touch Bar — Press Fn+⌥ Option+⌘ Command+F5 at the same time.  iMac (desktop Mac) — Press ⌥ Option+⌘ Command+F5 at the same time. Tap the Touch ID button three times (MacBook with Touch Bar) or press ⌘ Command+⌥ Option+F5 (all other Macs) to do so. You can also use the ↓ arrow key to select the "Enable Mouse Keys" box and then press the ⏎ Return (or Spacebar on some computers) key to check it. This will allow you to disable Mouse Keys by using the keyboard shortcut that you used to enable Mouse Keys. Unfortunately, you can't type with Mouse Keys enabled. Using the U, 8, O, and K keys, you can move the cursor left, up, right, or down, respectively. Pressing the J, 7, 9, or L keys will move the cursor at a 45° angle down to the left, up to the left, up to the right, or down to the right, respectively. The 5 key is essentially the left-click button when you're using Mouse Keys. You can also hold down Control while tapping 5 to simulate a right-click. Maneuvering the pointer to rest over an icon and then pressing the M key will simulate a "hold" action, allowing you to drag the icon beneath your mouse pointer by using the movement keys.  This is also helpful when attempting to activate hold-sensitive menus, such as the Trash menu. You can press . to release the hold.
Summary: Try using basic keyboard shortcuts. Open the Accessibility Options window. Enable Mouse Keys. Leave the Accessibility Options window open. Move your mouse cursor around. Click with the 5 key. Hold down the mouse.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Some dictionaries say the word stems from the word crab and the word cur, which meant dog or a “disagreeable person” in Gaelic.  Some of the definitions of curmudgeon are not positive. For example, a curmudgeon is defined at times as a “crusty, ill-tempered” old man. In popular culture, curmudgeons are typically older men with grouchy attitudes.  However, not all definitions of the word are negative. For example, an alternative definition says curmudgeons are people with stubborn ideas or opinions. This might be laughed at by some, but it can be a strength at times. It's certainly necessary for any institution or society to have people willing to say what no one else will. Studies show that curmudgeons are more likely to be males and over the age of 70 - although they do exist among all demographics. There are physiological changes that occur with age and that can cause a worsening of mood.  Sometimes men are really experiencing physical symptoms – like declining testosterone levels – that make them grumpier. If you feel like a curmudgeon, but don't want to be one, see a doctor. Maybe there is a medical issue that a doctor can address. If you are feeling depressed on a constant basis, that's not a good place to be. It's different if you are choosing to be a curmudgeon and are happy in that state (even if you don't show it). But if you are suffering signs of clinical depression, contact a doctor or therapist. There are many resources available to help you. Start paying attention, and you will see curmudgeons in public life everywhere. They are a common character in movies and politics, for starters.  Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia is sometimes considered a curmudgeon. This is because he will often play the iconoclast, and his contrary opinions are often filled with words that are designed to have an attention-getting flair. However, he has an underlying mission and stays true to his stated values - he wants to make a point about the problems with the majority decision. Curmudgeons consider themselves lonely arbiters of common sense – and sometimes they are right.  Clint Eastwood in the movie “Gran Torino” is a curmudgeon. “Get off my lawn,” is his famous catchphrase. Walter Matthau is a curmudgeon in the movie “Grumpy Old Men.” Bill Murray in the movie "St. Vincent". Dana Carvey's character “Grumpy Old Man” on Saturday Night Live is a curmudgeon.

SUMMARY:
Figure out the kind of curmudgeon you are emulating. Realize that sometimes grumpiness is camouflaging a medical issue. Study famous curmudgeons to get a sense of how to do it with style.