INPUT ARTICLE: Article: There are many ways to attach the tops of the stringers to the structure. One easy way is to screw metal joist hangers to the floor joists or deck supports. Drive screws through the holes in the joist hangers, putting one edge flush with the end of the stringer and the other against the joist. Set the bottoms of the stringers on a firm footing like concrete, wood flooring, or even a block of treated lumber on top of gravel (for outside stairs). Stringers are usually made from 1 in × 6 in (2.5 cm × 15.2 cm) wood. Though you can do without them, screwing these planks vertically between each step will make the stairs look nicer, and last longer.  Cut 1 in × 6 in (2.5 cm × 15.2 cm) boards to the width of your stairs. Secure each stringer with 2.5 in (6.4 cm) screws. Ensure that the riser height is exactly the same for each step. Cut lumber to be at or slightly longer than the tread run in width, and as long as the stairs are wide (or just wider, if you prefer a slight overhang on the ends of your stairs. Secure the treads to the steps of the stringers with 2.5 in (6.4 cm) screws over each stringer.  For instance, you could cut 1 in × 10 in (2.5 cm × 25.4 cm) lumber to the width of the stairs, and use this for your treads. For a special touch, use two boards and leave a 1⁄8–1⁄4 inch (0.32–0.64 cm) between them. For instance, you could cut 1 in × 5 in (2.5 cm × 12.7 cm) boards to the width of the stairs, and install two on each step, with a gap between them. To make extra-strong steps place 2 in × 4 in (5.1 cm × 10.2 cm) boards on both sides of the center stringer under the treads. Trim boards can give your stairs a little more class by covering up the ends of the risers and treads. Cut 2 in × 12 in (5.1 cm × 30.5 cm) boards to the same length and angle as your stringers, but do not cut step notches into them. Place the cut lumber over the ends of your stairs, and fix into place with 2.5 in (6.4 cm) screws. Consider treating the wood against the elements, especially if the stairs will be outdoors. Even if you're building indoor-use stairs, finishing them will be a safeguard against everyday wear and tear, and beautify the end product. Almost any varnish, stain, or paint will work just fine for stairs. You can also use non-slip paint or put non-slip adhesive pads on the stairs.

SUMMARY: Install the stringers. Secure and stabilize the stringers by installing risers (toe boards). Install the treads. Attach trim boards to the outer stringers (optional). Varnish, paint, or seal your stairs if necessary.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: It is not, as the name might imply, an infestation by worms or bug larvae. Two species of fungus are responsible for ringworm infection, microsporum and trichophyton species. This bit of knowledge will help you understand both how the disease can spread and how to identify it. As the name implies, ringworm often leaves circular marks or patches on the surface of the skin. In the early stages of infection, there is little to see other than a patch of hair loss. This is because the fungus grows down the hair shaft, the body then rejects that hair as damaged and it falls out. The skin irritation can result in itching, but even without evident rubbing the condition can contribute to hair loss in the affected region. One of the primary factors that contributes to infection is immune health of the animal. Ringworm in dogs is most common in puppies and older animals, though it can also affect animals with suppressed immune systems. Dogs under stress or taking certain medications can thus be especially vulnerable. This is because the immune system keeps the flora and fauna that are normal inhabitants of the skin in check. However, if the immune system is not fighting fit, the fungus can grow unchecked and a full on infection develops.  While the fungi that cause ringworm are common, contact with an especially heavy concentration of spores can increase the likelihood of infection. Heavy concentrations are really only found on other infected animals. If your dog is healthy but gets ringworm, it is probably because it was around another animal that had the disease. Ringworm is highly infectious and the infected hairs that are shed are a major source of infection for people or other pets. In order to prevent the spread of the disease, sequester infected pets and clean up all fur from the infected pet before allowing other animals in the area.
Summary: Understand that ringworm is a fungal infection. Know what ringworm looks like. Learn how a dog can get ringworm.

Paint thinner is a harsh solvent and should only be used if other cleaning methods were ineffective. Don't apply paint thinner to water-based paint. Use caution when applying paint thinner to hardwood floors, as it may damage the finish. Place a box fan near one of the open windows to help keep the area well ventilated. You can find paint thinner at your local hardware or paint store. If you want to avoid the smell of paint thinner, you can use mineral spirits instead. Apply pressure to the rag while repeatedly rubbing it back and forth over the stain. Apply more paint thinner if the rag dries out and there's still more paint to be removed. Wipe off any excess paint thinner once the paint stain is gone.
++++++++++
One-sentence summary -- Opt to use paint thinner as a last resort. Open any windows in the area you'll be working in. Soak a small section of a rag with paint thinner. Rub the paint stain with the part of the rag soaked in thinner. Continue rubbing the stain until all of the paint is gone.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: If you plan to take the supplement with food, calcium carbonate requires food to properly digest and absorb. Calcium citrate can be taken without food. Some supplements contain both, so as with any supplement, always read the label.  As with all supplements, calcium supplements are not regulated by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for content or potency. Look for a third party verification, such as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Always talk to your doctor before adding any supplements to your diet. Your doctor can help you decide what dosage you need based on your diet. The recommended amount of calcium per day for an adult is 1,000 milligrams, but everyone is different. Calculate how much calcium you receive from food and use supplements to add to that. Women over the age of 50 need 1,200 milligrams of calcium per day. Vitamin D goes hand-in-hand with calcium absorption. Without vitamin D, your body will only absorb 15-20% of the calcium you consume. Limited sun exposure, approximately 15 minutes, will provide your body with ample vitamin D. The amount of time you expose yourself to the sun is important as burning your skin doesn't allow you to get the proper benefit from the sun. Wear sunscreen to help you avoid burning.

SUMMARY:
Research different types of supplement. Take the correct dosage for your needs. Increase your vitamin D intake.