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Synesthesia is considered a rare neurological condition that affects the senses, but it's likely that many people who have it are either undiagnosed or assume that other perceive the world just like them. It is unknown how many people have synesthesia. If you actually see colors in the air, smell, hear, or feel things, you have projected synesthesia. This form of synesthesia is rarer than associated synesthesia and is what people first think of as synesthesia.  Some people with synesthesia (called synesthetes) hear, smell, taste or feel pain in color. Others can taste shapes or perceive written letters and words in different colors. For example, they may see an "F" in red and a "P" in yellow when they read. Some synesthetes see abstract concepts, such as abstract shapes, units of time or mathematical equations floating in space outside their bodies — this is termed "conceptual synesthesia." According to research done in the U.S., there are some factors strongly associated with synesthesia. For example, about 3x more women than men have synesthesia in the U.S. People who have synesthesia are also much more likely to be left-handed and have a 40% chance of a relative having the same condition. Often when people talk of their synesthesia, others assume they are hallucinating or on drugs. What distinguishes true synesthesia experiences from hallucinations is that they are repeatable and predictable, not fanciful and random. For example, if you taste strawberries when you hear a certain song, then one must always trigger the other sensation in a predictable fashion to be considered a synesthete. It doesn't always have to be two-way, though. Synesthetes often note being teased and ridiculed (usually starting in childhood) for describing sensory experiences that others can't experience. Synesthesia is a sort of cross-wiring of the nerves and brain synapses related to the five senses. And no two synesthetes have the exact same wiring scheme. For example, the most common form of synesthesia is grapheme-color, when numbers and letters each have their own color. The colors assigned to each letter are different for everyone, but many people have red A's. Another common form is chromesthesia, or colored hearing — sounds, music or voices that are heard and also trigger the eyes to see colors. However, someone may see the color red whenever they hear the word "dog", whereas another might see the color orange. Synesthetic perceptions are specific to each person.

summary: Realize that synesthesia is relatively rare but likely under-diagnosed. Know that not everyone with synesthesia experiences it physically. Identify your risk factors for synesthesia. Don't confuse synesthesia with hallucinations. Be aware that no two people with synesthesia have the same experience.


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If you want to discuss your concerns about a person's possible drug use, it is best to approach them when they are sober and thinking clearly. Someone who is high on marijuana may have trouble communicating with you or following what you are trying to say. It's best to catch the person when they're in a relatively calm mood. If they've had a rough week, or the two of you have been fighting all day, it's probably better to hold off until the person is in a more positive state of mind. Attempting to talk when the person is in a bad mood can make them more defensive, which means the conversation probably won't be very productive. Depending on the type of relationship you have with the person, you may be able to ask up-front if they are using marijuana. Keep your approach simple, straightforward, and non-judgmental. For example, you might say, “Hey, you've been acting different lately, and I noticed a funny smell in your room. Have you been smoking marijuana?” If the person thinks you are angry at them or judging them, they are less likely to open up to you. Make it clear that you are sympathetic and just want to help. For example, when talking to a friend, you might say, “I noticed you've been canceling a lot when we try to make plans, and you always seem so tired when I see you. Are you doing ok? I've been really worried about you!” Panicking or getting angry is usually counterproductive. Talk to the person calmly, without raising your voice, making threats, or being sarcastic. If you approach them in a hostile or fearful way, they will be less likely to open up to you, and the situation may become worse.

summary: Wait until the person is sober to talk about it. Pick a time to talk when the person is calm and relaxed. Ask them if they are using marijuana. Let them know you are concerned about them. Stay calm.


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If you own a bulldog, you should be alert to the signs of breathing difficulty. When your dog faces any respiratory troubles, you will need to take steps to calm your dog and rest him so that his need for oxygen is less.  When you see that your dog has respiratory distress, stop him from any physical activity immediately. Keep him calm so you can try to regulate his breathing. If you are outside, take your dog inside. If you can’t get inside quickly, get your dog into a cooler, shaded area. Place cool wet rags on your dog to help lower his body temperature. Since all bulldogs are at risk for respiratory problems, you can do things for your bulldog to help reduce the likelihood of him experiencing respiratory distress. One of the main things you can do is regulate your dog’s weight. Being obese can put major stress on your dog’s respiratory system, causing breathing problems. Weight loss is one of the most common treatments to help respiratory problems in bulldogs.  Limit your dog’s heavy exercise and his excitability. These things lead to fast breathing and panting, which is more difficult for your bulldog. Keep your bulldog out of the heat. Excessive heat can worsen his breathing problems. One of the major problems for bulldogs is that the structure of the skull is made up of bone and soft tissue, and the size of the nose is reduced and flattened in this breed. Although bone is shortened, the soft tissue structures in the mouth, such as the tongue and soft palate, remain the same size as before. Due to this structure, the structural problems suffered by bulldogs include:  Narrow nostrils. The nostrils of the bulldog are often narrow and either completely closed or mere slits, instead of having nice wide open nostrils like other breeds. Compressed nasal passages. The shortened bony case of the nose means the dog lacks the normal filtering mechanism of the nasal turbinates. Filtering serves to warm cold air when it's breathed in and to filter out dust. Long soft palate. A fleshy shelf called the soft palate divides the nose from the mouth. Given the shortened nature of the dog's nose and mouth, the soft palate takes up more room than it should and tends to block the entrance to the windpipe, causing choking episodes from time to time. Large tonsils. The dog's tonsils tend to enlarge to cope with the unfiltered area. The tonsils sit in the throat just above the entrance to the windpipe. When they are enlarged, they can restrict airflow into the windpipe. Narrow windpipes. Bulldogs have a syndrome where the windpipe has a narrower diameter, again making it hard to breath.
summary: Be prepared for when your dog has respiratory difficulties. Reduce your dog’s respiratory distress. Recognize the respiratory problems a bulldog faces.