INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Draw a horizontal oval in the large beginning circle. The sides and bottom of this visor oval should be close to the perimeter of the outer helmet, but they shouldn't touch. Furthermore, there should be about twice as much space between the top of the visor and the top of the helmet. Draw a large rectangle behind the astronaut. This backpack rectangle should start just beneath the top of the helmet and end slightly above the astronaut's waistline.  Depending on the angle of the astronaut, you may need to add dimension to the backpack by adding sides or a top that point toward an invisible vanishing point. Note that the lines of the backpack should all remain behind the figure of the astronaut; do not overlap them. Draw one hand on the end of each arm. Astronauts wear gloves (not mittens), so you'll need to draw the fingers of each hand, too. If you're viewing the astronaut from the front and viewing his hands from their sides, however, you can simplify the shape of each hand into an "L" shape, with the thumb facing down for each one. This should mimic the side view of the hand well enough. Sketch a line beneath each boot. This line should run parallel to the bottom of the boot. It should also connect the inner back corner to the outer from corner. Essentially, this is the sole of the boot. When viewed from the top, the sole should be a solid shape. If viewed from the bottom, it needs to have parallel rows of "grip" lines.

SUMMARY: Create a visor in the helmet. Give the astronaut a backpack. Add hands. Define the boots.

In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: A vocalist's range consists of all the notes between the highest and lowest notes they can sing. Within that overall range, they may have specific areas or keys where they are most comfortable singing. Your vocalist should be able to provide this information to you. If they're unsure, you might have to rely on trial and error to find the best transposition. Find the highest or lowest note, whichever is giving the vocalist difficulty. Adjust the note up or down until it falls within your vocalist's range. Then count the number of steps or half-steps between the original note and the new note. If you have both high and low notes that are outside your vocalist's range, you may have to transpose the song into two different keys to make it work. The key in which the song is played will be transposed just as the notes are. If you are transposing into a particular key, you'll already know what key it's in. If you're just moving up a step or two, you'll need to work it out.  If you're unsure about the key, you can use a chromatic circle to find the relation between the keys. These are readily available online. Move counter-clockwise around the circle if you're moving the notes up, and clockwise if you're moving the notes down. For example, if you started in D Major and went up one whole step, your transposed song is in E Major. To transpose the song, you must move each note up the same interval. If the song has other sharps and flats not related to the original key signature, ignore it for now – but mark where it is. Transpose a note with an accidental sharp or flat from where it normally would be in the original key. For example, assume the B note is natural in the original key. If the song has an accidental B-flat, you would move the note from B – not from B-flat. Once you've transposed the entire song, go back to the original score and look for any sharps or flats. Work out how far up or down the original accidental moved the note, and then adjust it that number of steps in your transposed song.  For example, assume the B note is natural in the original key. If the song has an accidental B-sharp, that means the natural B was moved up a half-step. Find that note in your transposed song and move the transposed note up a half-step as well, marking the new accidental. After you've completed your transposition, it's a good idea to play through the song and check to make sure you've moved the notes correctly. Your vocalist also may want to try the song out and see if it's now more comfortable for them to sing.
Summary: Identify the vocalist's range. Find your interval. Write your new key signature. Move the notes into the new key. Adjust the accidentals. Play the transposed song.

INPUT ARTICLE: Article: If you are piping the circumference of an item, such as a sleeve cuff, then you will need to join both ends. Use a steam ripper to open up the stitching on the first 2 inches (5.1 cm) of your pre-made piping. Cut the cording inside the piping by 2 inches (5.1 cm). Fold the end of the fabric in by 1 inch (2.5 cm), and press it flat with an iron. Leave the other end of the piping intact. Skip this step if you are using homemade piping, or if you just need to pipe a single, straight edge. If you have not already done so, cut out the pieces for your project. Spread the first piece down with the right side facing up. Pin the piping around the edges that you want to pipe. Make sure that the raw edge of the piping is aligned with the raw edge of the fabric. If you are piping the perimeter of an item, then leave 1 inch (2.5 cm) at each end of the piping unpinned. You should do this only if you are piping the perimeter of your project. Slip the raw end of the piping into the folded end, then secure it with sewing pins. If you need to, trim the raw end down until it fits inside the folded end. Skip this step if you are piping just a single, straight line and don't need to join both ends. You will need 3 V-shaped slits for corners, and at least 3 for curves. Curves are all different, so you may need to cut more in order to get the fabric to lay flat. Cut the slits as close to the stitching as possible, without actually cutting through it. Use a straight stitch and the longest stitch length on your sewing machine. Make sure that the thread color matches the piping; you will use it as a guide in a later step. Try to sew across the original stitching on the piping as much as possible. If you are sewing piping that is joined together, begin and finish sewing at the folded seam. Place the second piece of your fabric on top of your project, right-side-down, and secure it with pins. Turn your project so that the back is facing you and you can see the basting stitches. Sew just inside these stitches. This will help tighten the piping up. Trim the seams so that they are between 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch (0.64 to 1.27 cm). If you need to, cut more slits into any corners or curves that won't lay flat. When you are done, turn your project right-side-out.  Press the seams to either side of the piping for a nicer finish. You can go over the raw edges of the inside seams with a zigzag stitch to prevent fraying.

SUMMARY:
Open up the stitching on pre-made piping, if needed. Pin the piping the the right side of your fabric. Tuck the raw end of the piping into the folded end. Cut V-shaped slits into the corners and curved edges. Baste the piping to the fabric. Pin and sew the second piece of fabric on top. Trim the seams, then turn the project right-side-out.